Overexpression of Pha13 in engineered transgenic Arabidopsis enhances resistance against viruses and bacteria.

(A to C) Expression level of Pha13 (A) and accumulation level of Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) (B) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) (C) were analyzed by qRT-PCR from leaves of WT (Col-0) or transgenic Arabidopsis. Data represent mean ± SD; n = 4 biological replicates; *, P < 0.05, Student’s t-test compared to vector. Actin was used as an internal control for normalization. (D) Disease symptoms of WT (Col-0) or transgenic Arabidopsis inoculated with CMV at 9 dpi. Images are one representative plant from four replicates; Scale bar, 1 cm. (E) Disease symptoms of WT (Col-0) or transgenic Arabidopsis inoculated with 1 × 10⁷ cfu/ml Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC30000 (PstDC3000) at 3 dpi. Images are three representative leaves from five plants; Scale bar, 1 cm. (F) The growth analysis of PstDC3000 in the infected leaves of WT or transgenic Arabidopsis. Data represent mean ± SD; n = 5 biological replicates. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) Tukey’s test (P < 0.05).