Nitrogen and Fluorine Codoped, Colloidal TiO₂ Nanoparticle: Tunable Doping, Large Red-Shifted Band Edge, Visible Light Induced Photocatalysis, and Cell Death

Visible light photocatalysis by TiO₂ requires efficient doping of other elements with red-shifted band edge to the visible region. However, preparation of such TiO₂ with tunable doping is challenging. Here we report a method of making nitrogen (N) and fluorine (F) codoped TiO₂ nanoparticle with tunable doping between 1 and 7 at. %. The preparation of N, F codoped TiO₂ nanoparticle involves reaction of colloidal TiO₂ nanorods with an ammonium fluoride–urea mixture at 300 °C, and the extent of N/F doping is tuned by varying the amount of ammonium fluoride–urea and the reaction time. Resultant colloidal N, F codoped TiO₂ nanoparticles show doping dependent shifting of the band edge from the UV to near-IR region, visible light induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and visible light photodegradation of bisphenol A. A colloidal form of doped TiO₂ nanoparticle offers labeling of cells, visible light induced ROS generation inside a cell, and successive cell death. This work shows the potential advantage of anisotropic nanoparticle precursor for tunable doping and colloidal form of N, F codoped TiO₂ nanoparticle as a visible light photocatalyst.