H₂O₂ accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activity, and defense-related gene expression in wild type (WT) and SlMAPK3-overexpressed (OE4, OE6, OE 7) lines after infection with TYLCV.

(A-F) H₂O₂ accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity at 0, 10, 30, and 45 dpi. The second and third uppermost leaves were collected from each plant and analyzed for H₂O₂ content (A), SOD activity (B), POD activity (C), CAT activity (D), APX activity (E), and O₂^- content (F). Each bar represents the mean of three replicates ± standard error (SE). (G-K) Expression analysis of defense-related genes, SlPR1 (G), SlPR1b (H), SlLapA (I), SlPI-I (J) and SlPI-II (K) at 14 dpi with TYLCV. The SlEF1α gene was used as an internal control [59, 64]. Data are means ± SE (N = 3 to 9) of three independent experiments. Double asterisk (**) and single asterisk (*) indicate significant differences relative to controls at P< 0.01 (Tukey’s test) and P<0.05 (Tukey’s test), respectively.