Flow cytometric quantification of lymphocyte populations in blood and duodenal biopsies.

Panels A and B: average total number of CD3⁺ cells in 50 μl blood (A) and in one biopsy from each patient (B). Comparisons were made using a two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test; error bars represent SEM; *: p<0.05; n = 13 (non-CD controls) and 14 (CD). Panels C and D: the same samples used in Panels A and B were analyzed for total number of subpopulations of lymphocytes in 50 μl blood (A) and in one biopsy (B) from each patient. Black triangles: CD patients (n = 14); open triangles: non-CD controls (n = 13). Comparisons between CD and control samples within each subpopulation were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-tests; error bars represent SEM; *: p<0.05. Phenotypic markers of subpopulations: SP: CD3⁺ (CD4⁺ or CD8α⁺); DP: CD3⁺ CD4⁺ CD8α⁺; DN: CD3⁺ CD4^- CD8α^-; B cells: CD3^- CD19⁺; NK cells: CD3^- CD16/56⁺; NKT cells: CD3⁺ CD16/56⁺.