es026300t_si_001.pdf (698.08 kB)
Estimating Exposure to Chemical Contaminants in Drinking Water
journal contribution
posted on 2004-03-15, 00:00 authored by Eunyoung Kim, John C. Little, Nancy ChiuA model is developed that predicts exposure and absorbed
dose for chemical contaminants in household drinking
water via three pathways: inhalation, direct and indirect
ingestion, and dermal penetration. Extensive probability
distributions for building characteristics, activity and water
use patterns, operating conditions of water devices, and
physiological characteristics of the general population are
developed. The impacts of different operating conditions
on mass transfer coefficients for the shower, bath, washing
machine, dishwasher, and faucet are established.
Dichlorobromomethane, inorganic lead, and endosulfan,
three compounds associated with adverse birth outcomes
that have significantly different chemical properties, are
selected for analysis. The primary exposure pathways for
dichlorobromomethane are inhalation (62%) and ingestion
(27%). Seventy percent of total exposure to endosulfan comes
from ingestion, and 18% from dermal sorption with the
remaining 12% due to inhalation. Virtually all (99.9%) of the
exposure to lead occurs via ingestion. A nested Monte
Carlo analysis shows that natural variability contributes
significantly more (a factor of 10) toward total uncertainty
than knowledge uncertainty (a factor of 1.5). Better
identification of certain critical input variables (ventilation
rate in the shower and bathroom, ingestion rate, the
boiling water mass transfer coefficient, and skin permeability)
is required.
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building characteristicsfactorskin permeabilityingestion ratewater use patternsMonte Carlo analysismass transfer coefficientschemical propertiesexposure pathwaysinput variablesknowledge uncertaintyventilation ratebirth outcomesshowerchemical contaminantswater mass transfer coefficientExtensive probability distributionshousehold drinking waterwater devicesendosulfaninhalationChemical Contaminants
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