Comparative study of dissolved and nanoparticulate Ag effects on the life cycle of an estuarine meiobenthic copepod, Amphiascus tenuiremis

Many nanotoxicological studies have assessed the acute toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) at high exposure concentrations. There is a gap in understanding NP chronic environmental effects at lower exposure concentrations. This study reports life-cycle chronic toxicity of sublethal exposures of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles (PVP-AgNPs) relative to dissolved silver nitrate (AgNO₃) for the estuarine meiobenthic copepod, Amphiascus tenuiremis, over a range of environmentally relevant concentrations, i.e., 20, 30, 45, and 75 µg-Ag L⁻¹. A concentration-dependent increase in mortality of larval nauplii and juvenile copepodites was observed. In both treatment types, significantly higher mortality was observed at 45 and 75 µg-Ag L⁻¹ than in controls. In AgNO₃ exposures, fecundity declined sharply (1.8–7 fold) from 30 to 75 µg Ag L⁻¹. In contrast, fecundity was not affected by PVP-AgNPs exposures. A Leslie matrix population-growth model predicted sharply 60–86% of decline in overall population sizes and individual life-stage numbers from 30–75 µg-Ag L⁻¹ as dissolved AgNO₃. In contrast, no population growth suppressions were predicted for any PVP-AgNPs exposures. Slower release of dissolved Ag from PVP-AgNPs and/or reduced Ag uptake in the nanoform may explain these sharp contrasts in copepod response.