Polar bear torso circumference calculated by Niche Mapper compared to expected axillary girth.

Torso cylinder circumferences modeled by Niche Mapper for bears of average body condition (total mass = 2.25× structural mass) compared to expected axillary girth for polar bears of different body lengths based on predictive equations from field study measurements of wild polar bears [66]. The error bars for the Thiemann et al. (1980–1996 data) represent the average 5.84% difference between predicted and actual measurements reported in the study.