Ecological Archives E095-050-D1
Roberto Salguero-Gómez, Helen Kempenich, Irwin N. Forseth, Brenda B. Casper. 2014. Long-term individual-level population dynamics of a native desert chamaephyte. Ecology 95:578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1256.1
Introduction
The importance of long-term data has been highlighted countless times in the context of population and community ecology (Callahan 1984; Lindenmayer et al. 2012). Most important demographic and community-level processes occur in time frames longer than funding efforts typically allow. Yet, only through a careful examination of long-term data can one examine how climatic shifts affect population dynamics, community assemblage (Magurran et al. 2010; Salguero-Gómez et al. 2012; Adler et al. 2013), or age-specific trajectories of perennial species (Jones et al. 2008; Shefferson and Roach 2013), to mention a few valuable examples.
Numerous high-quality demographic data sets exist for the animal kingdom (citations within Jones et al. 2008a; Jones et al. 2008b; Kelt et al. 2013). In contrast, long-term demographic studies in plants are scarce (but see Pierson and Turner 2008; Pierson 1998; Quintana-Ascencio, Menges and Weekley 2003; Butterfield et al. 2010; Hutchings 2010). Even fewer plant studies have made public long-term demographic data and compiled covariates such as weather information, microhabitat, and reproductive output. A few exceptions are detailed by Adler et al. (2007), Ellis et al. (2012) and Rodriguez-Buritica et al. (2013).
In deserts, perhaps more than any other ecosystem, understanding plant population and community dynamics begs for long census efforts. This is because water availability as an essential limiting factor is unpredictable, and there may be long dry periods punctuated by intense precipitation pulses (Noy-Meir 1973; Ogle and Reynolds 2004). Consequently, data used to explore ecological and evolutionary questions in these habitats need to be of sufficient length to capture the high degree of inter-annual variation in precipitation. Only a handful of existing desert studies fulfill these requirements. However, some of them do not offer data every year (Bowers and Turner 2001; Bowers 2005), or are strongly biased by taxonomic group (e.g., Cactaceae; Pierson and Turner 1998; Rodriguez-Buritica 2013).
The present data set paper includes a 15-year long annual census (1997–2012) of the aridland chamaephyte Cryptantha flava (Boraginaceae) in Utah, USA. We followed the population dynamics (individual size, reproductive output, survival and recruitment) of over 3800 plants. Censuses took place in eighteen 5 × 5 m² permanent plots grouped in six blocks. One plot in each block received an experimental drought treatment in 1998, another in 1999, and another served as one unaltered control plot. Individuals within plots were mapped, and data for individuals are accompanied by microsite descriptions (e.g., distance to closest neighboring shrub and shrub identity). This data set has been used to explore the effects of experimentally manipulated drought using life table response experiment analyses (Lucas et al. 2008), examine how increases in precipitation would affect the species’ population dynamics via stochastic elasticities and climatic simulations (Salguero-Gómez et al. 2012), examine the range of senescence trajectories across the tree of life (Jones et al. in review), and exemplify how to build projection matrix models from Poisson distributed data using regression methods (Metcalf et al. 2013). No publication has tapped this data set for population dynamics among different microhabitats.
Metadata
Class I. Data set descriptors
A. Data set identity: Long-term, individual-based records of survival, growth, fecundity, and recruitment of the chamaephyte Cryptantha flava (Boraginaceae), with shrub vs. open microhabitat locations and climate information from 1997 to 2012.
B. Data set identification code:
C. Data set description
Principal Investigator: Brenda B. Casper
Abstract: Long-term data sets of population dynamics of plants are scarce, yet provide valuable information for addressing critical ecological and evolutionary questions. Such data can be used to determine how climate change affects demographic viability and evolutionary stable demographic strategies. Here we provide a long-term data set with longitudinal (1997–2012) individual records for 3835 plants of the chamaephyte Cryptantha flava L. (A. Nelson) Payson (Boraginaceae) near Redfleet State Park in Uintah County, Utah, USA (40° 35' 42.63" N, 109°25' 55.92" W, 1790 m a.s.l.). We used permanent plots to track the individual responses (survival, changes in size, reproduction, and recruitment) to artificial manipulations of precipitation via rainout shelters in 1998 and 1999 in subsets of those plots. These data provide unique opportunities to examine the effect of ambient climatic variation and interpret longer-term climate change effects on native plant species’ population dynamics in interaction with the surrounding plant communities. We provide the following data and data formats: (1) monthly background precipitation and temperature at the closest permanent weather station, (2) individual-level population dynamics from 1997 to 2012 with point location (x, y coordinates) of the individuals of C. flava within the permanent plots as well as microhabitat conditions, and (3) geo-referenced location of each permanent plot.
D. Key words: climate change; Colorado Plateau desert; Cryptantha flava; long-term demography; plant population dynamics; rainout shelter.
Class II. Research origin descriptors
A. Overall project description
Annual censuses on which this demographic data set is based began in 1997 by I. N. Forseth and B. B. Casper as part of a four-year, NSF-funded study to quantify size-specific physiological and demographic responses of the native chamaephyte Cryptantha flava (Boraginaceae) to experimentally manipulated growing season drought. Analyses of the demographic responses to drought were conducted via a life table response experiment set within a natural population, where plants in some plots were subjected to growing season drought in 1998 and others in 1999. No experimental treatments were applied subsequently. The extreme degree of inter-annual variation and the overall trend for increased precipitation in the last decades (Salguero-Gómez et al. 2012) was the main motivation for continuing to collect demographic information. Casper continued annual censuses until 2005 (except for 2002) and R. Salguero-Gómez until 2012. The records have now been discontinued.
B. Specific subproject description
1. Species and site description:
Cryptantha flava ranges throughout the semi-arid Colorado Plateau. The species does not reproduce clonally and has a negligible multi-year seed bank (B. Casper, personal observation). A plant consists of basal leaf rosettes supported by a branched woody caudex, a taproot, and lateral branch roots. The study population is located in land managed by the US Bureau of Land Management, close to Redfleet State Park in Uintah County, Utah, USA (40° 30′ N, 109° 22′ 30″ W, 1730 m a.s.l.), where vegetation is dominated by the shrubs Artemisia tridentata Nutt. (Asteraceae) and Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall. Ex Pursh) Britton (Asteraceae), as well as the tree Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little (Cupressaceae). Cryptantha flava frequently occurs in close association with the aforementioned two shrub species (Casper 1996, Casper et al. 2006), and these associations have important physiological impacts on C. flava (Peek et al. 2004, Forseth et al. 2001). At this site, leaves normally appear in mid-April and flowering occurs in late-May and early June (Casper et al. 2001). Plants lose leaf rosettes, and thus can decrease in size, when apical vegetative meristems convert to inflorescence production or when portions of the plant die between growing seasons (Casper 1996, Salguero-Gómez and Casper 2011a,b). Remaining leaves normally undergo physiological senescence in late summer, but late season rains can trigger new leaf production (Casper et al. 2001).
2. Experimental and sampling design:
a. Design characteristics: The initial goal of the study was to examine how growing season drought affected the demography of Cryptantha flava within a natural population, with the drought treatment replicated in different portions of the population (plots) in two years, 1998 and 1999. The 1999 drought treatment consisted of sheltering plots with polyethylene roofing material from 1 March until 23 May. In 1998, the drought treatment involved covering plots with tarps, supported by metal frames, only during rain events. This drought treatment was much less effective than the polyethylene because some precipitation events were missed. The polyethylene shelters elevated nighttime temperatures by 2.6 ± 0.1°C, but daytime air temperatures under shelters were within 0.5°C of air temperatures outside of shelters (Casper et al. 2006, Lucas et al. 2008). Flowering stalks on plants outside shelters were visibly damaged by a late season frost in 1999, while those under shelters were not.
b. Permanent plots: We established eighteen 5 × 5 m² permanent plots within the population in 1997, arranged in six blocks of three plots, with at least 2.0 m spacing between plots and several meters between blocks. One plot in each block was sheltered in 1998 and another in 1999. For plant censuses, we divided each plot into 25 1-m² quadrats. In half of the plots (i.e., three groups of plots), censuses included all plants in alternate quadrats, a total of 13 quadrats per plot in a checkerboard design (See Fig. 1). In the remaining plots, where plant densities were greater, we selected seven quadrats at random from among the 13. In all cases, we conducted censuses in these same quadrats for the duration of data collection.
Fig. 1. Representation of sampled quadrats within each permanent plot. Gray quadrats 1 × 1 m² areas where demographic data was collected between 1997 and 2012. Compass indicates orientation of plot in the field. Note that in plots 10 to 18 a subset of randomly chosen quadrats were sampled due to much higher initial density of individuals of Cryptantha flava in blocks IV, V and VI than in blocks I, II, and III (See Georeference_location_data.kmz and Table 1 for further information).
c. Data collection: Beginning in 1997, annual plant censuses were conducted in each permanent quadrat at the peak of the flowering season, in late May. We mapped all individuals in each quadrat using Cartesian coordinates. This information was sufficient to relocate individuals year after year. New recruits were identified through the existence of persistent cotyledons and quantified. We measured size by counting the numbers of vegetative and flowering rosettes. For individuals either under a shrub canopy or within 40 cm from the edge of a shrub canopy, we recorded their distance from the outer edge of the shrub, their compass direction with respect to the shrub, and the shrub species. We dropped plots sheltered in 1998 from censuses after 2000 and then recovered them in 2008 and followed them subsequently. The plots were not visited in 2002, so no census was taken that year (See Table 1).
Table 1. Availability of demographic data as a function of year and treatment. A: Data collected/available. N: Data not available. Treatment levels: control (C), rainout shelter in 1998 (D1), rainout shelter in summer 1999 (D2).
Block |
Plot |
Treatment |
Year |
|||||||||||||||
1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
|||
I |
1 |
D1 |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
I |
2 |
D2 |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
I |
3 |
C |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
II |
4 |
D2 |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
II |
5 |
C |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
II |
6 |
D1 |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
III |
7 |
D1 |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
III |
8 |
C |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
III |
9 |
C |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
IV |
10 |
D2 |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
IV |
11 |
C |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
IV |
12 |
D1 |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
V |
13 |
D1 |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
V |
14 |
D2 |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
V |
15 |
C |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
VI |
16 |
D2 |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
VI |
17 |
D1 |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
VI |
18 |
C |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
N |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
A |
3. Research Methods
a. Field: The data were collected on paper in situ and then digitized in the laboratory. Data from 1997 to 2005 were digitized independently by three undergraduate students and then triple-checked for inconsistencies with the original data sheets. Data from 2006 to 2012 were digitized by R. Salguero-Gómez.
b. Intrumentation: water-proof paper, two 1-m measuring tapes, a GPS, and Excel.
c. Taxonomy and systematics: The Plant List database (www.theplantlist.org).
Class III. Data set status and accessibility
A. Status
Latest update: June 2013 for all data files.
Latest Archive date: June 2013
Metadata status: Metadata are complete to last update and are stored with data.
B. Accessibility
1. Storage location and medium: All data are stored in non-proprietary digital form by all co-authors in multiple back-ups, as well as at the back-up repository of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Rostock, Germany). The dataset is also available via direct contact to the authors (below).
2. Contact persons: Brenda B. Casper, email: b.casper@sas.upenn.edu, tel: +1 215 898 8569. Biology Department. University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
3. Copyright restrictions: None.
4. Proprietary restrictions: Users are requested to acknowledge their use of the data set in publications, research proposals, websites, and other outlets with citation of this data paper along with the following statement "Data sets were provided by the Casper lab at the University of Pennsylvania in collaboration with the University of Maryland and the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. Funding for collecting the data was provided by the National Science (NSF Grant Number IBN95-27833)." Users are requested to provide citations of publications using the data sets to Prof Brenda B. Casper (b.casper@sas.upenn.edu).
5. Costs: None.
Class IV. Data structural descriptors
A. Data Set File
1. Identity: cflavadata.zip
2. Size: 577 Kb (compressed)
3. Format and storage mode: Files compressed and submitted together in a zipped directory.
4. Header information: Names of each of the three files.
B. Variable information
This is a zipped directory, containing three data files:
Climate_data.txt – monthly records of precipitation and temperature at the closest weather station to the field site.
Population_dynamics_data.txt – Cartesian location of each individual of Cryptantha flava within each quadrat within each permanent plot, and distance to closest shrub neighbour as well as shrub identity. Individual records of size, age, survival, flowering and recruitment from 1997 to 2012 of Cryptantha flava.
Georeference_location_data.kmz – GPS location of each permanent plot.
CLIMATE DATA
A. Data Set File
1. Identity: Climate_data.txt
2. Size: 13 Kb, 82 lines (1,953 records).
3. Format and storage mode: ASCII text, comma separated. No compression scheme was used.
4. Header information: The first row of the file contains the variable names below
B. Variable information
Data were obtained from the closest permanent weather station (Maeser 9 weather station, located
18 km SW of the site, at 1950 m elevation (Western Regional Climate Center, http://www.wrcc.dri.edu).
Variable name |
Variable definition |
Units/Format |
Storage |
Precision |
Range numeric |
Missing value |
Variable codes and definitions |
Year |
Year |
text |
string |
0.001 |
1931–2011 |
NA |
NA |
Jan_prec |
Total precipitation in January |
cm |
string |
0.001 |
0–6.731 |
NA |
NA |
Feb_prec |
Total precipitation in February |
cm |
string |
0.001 |
0–6.071 |
NA |
NA |
Mar_prec |
Total precipitation in March |
cm |
string |
0.001 |
0–6.858 |
NA |
NA |
Apr_prec |
Total precipitation in April |
cm |
string |
0.001 |
0.203–9.093 |
NA |
NA |
May_prec |
Total precipitation in May |
cm |
string |
0.001 |
0–11.557 |
NA |
NA |
Jun_prec |
Total precipitation in June |
cm |
string |
0.001 |
0–10.414 |
NA |
NA |
Jul_prec |
Total precipitation in July |
cm |
string |
0.001 |
0–7.239 |
NA |
NA |
Aug_prec |
Total precipitation in August |
cm |
string |
0.001 |
0–10.414 |
NA |
NA |
Sep_prec |
Total precipitation in September |
cm |
string |
0.001 |
0–9.22 |
NA |
NA |
Oct_prec |
Total precipitation in October |
cm |
string |
0.001 |
0–14.503 |
NA |
NA |
Nov_prec |
Total precipitation in November |
cm |
string |
0.001 |
0–6.807 |
NA |
NA |
Dec_prec |
Total precipitation in December |
cm |
string |
0.001 |
0–6.883 |
NA |
NA |
Jan_temp |
Average temperature in January |
°C |
string |
0.001 |
-20– -1.222 |
NA |
NA |
Feb_temp |
Average temperature in February |
°C |
string |
0.001 |
-12.444–2.333 |
NA |
NA |
Mar_temp |
Average temperature in March |
°C |
string |
0.001 |
-3.778–6.444 |
NA |
NA |
Apr_temp |
Average temperature in April |
°C |
string |
0.001 |
3.778–12.111 |
NA |
NA |
May_temp |
Average temperature in May |
°C |
string |
0.001 |
8.756–17.611 |
NA |
NA |
Jun_temp |
Average temperature in June |
°C |
string |
0.001 |
-17.778–21 |
NA |
NA |
Jul_temp |
Average temperature in July |
°C |
string |
0.001 |
18.011–24.239 |
NA |
NA |
Aug_temp |
Average temperature in August |
°C |
string |
0.001 |
17.778–22.778 |
NA |
NA |
Sep_temp |
Average temperature in September |
°C |
string |
0.001 |
11.389–18.278 |
NA |
NA |
Oct_temp |
Average temperature in October |
°C |
string |
0.001 |
5.278–12.072 |
NA |
NA |
Nov_temp |
Average temperature in November |
°C |
string |
0.001 |
-3.906–4.778 |
NA |
NA |
Dec_temp |
Average temperature in December |
°C |
string |
0.001 |
-13.889–0.667 |
NA |
NA |
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
A. Data Set File
1. Identity: Population_dynamics_data.txt
2. Size: 3.4 Mb, 61,360 lines (541,504 records, excluding NAs).
3. Format and storage mode: ASCII text, comma separated. No compression scheme was used.
4. Header information: The first row of the file contains the variable names below.
B. Variable information
Special characters/fields: Unknown age of individuals is denoted as "999". This occurs only when individuals were present at the beginning of the study, in 1997, and had no seedling leaf traits (i.e., cotyledons), or in 2003, after the one year gap of no data collection (2002), when a new individual was recorded without cotyledons.
Variable name |
Variable definition |
Units/Format |
Storage |
Precision |
Range numeric |
Missing value |
Variable codes and definitions |
ID |
Individual unique identifier, a concatenation of the values for variables |
text |
string |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Treatment |
Treatment applied to the permanent plot. |
text |
string |
NA |
NA |
NA |
C: Control; D1: Rainout shelter in summer 1998; D2: Rainout shelter in summer 1999 |
Block |
Location where the treatments were assigned |
text |
string |
NA |
I to VI (In Roman numbers) |
NA |
NA |
Plot |
Permanent 5 × 5 m² plots |
text |
integer |
1 |
1 to 18 |
NA |
NA |
Quadrat |
Each permanent plot is conformed by 13 samplable 1 × 1 m² quadrats. |
text |
integer |
1 |
1 to 13 |
NA |
NA |
X |
X Cartesian coordinate of the individual |
cm |
integer |
1 |
0 to 100 |
NA |
NA |
Y |
Y Cartesian coordinate of the individual |
cm |
integer |
1 |
0 to 100 |
NA |
NA |
Shrub |
Closest shrub to the target individual of Cryptantha flava. |
text |
string |
NA |
NA |
NA |
At: Artemisia tridentata; Cn: Chrysothamnus nauseosus; At/Cn: both species |
Compass |
Compass direction from the center of the closest shrub |
° |
integer |
1 |
0 to 359 |
NA |
NA |
Distance |
Closest distance from the target individual of Cryptantha flava to the edge of the shrub. |
cm |
integer |
1 |
- 25 to 40 |
NA |
NA |
Year |
Year of census |
text |
integer |
1 |
1997 to 2012 |
|
NA |
Age |
Age of individual of Cryptantha flava |
years |
integer |
1 |
1 to 16 |
999 |
NA |
Size |
Total number of rosettes of individual of Cryptantha flava |
text |
integer |
1 |
1 to 126 |
NA |
NA |
Fert |
Number of flowering rosettes of individual of Cryptantha flava |
text |
integer |
1 |
0 to 57 |
NA |
NA |
GEOREFERENCE LOCATION
A. Data Set File
1. Identity: Georeference_location_data.kmz
2. Size: 3,194 bytes.
3. Format and storage mode: Keyhole Markup Language. No compression scheme was used.
4. Header information: NA.
B. Variable information
Each plot is represented by a pin color-coded by treatment level (Yellow: Control (C); Orange: Rainout shelter in 1998 (D1); Red: Rainout shelter in 1999 (D2)). The pins are geo-referenced to the actual location of the 5 × 5 m² permanent plot. Hovering over each pin will disclose additional information such as their latitude and longitude, block, treatment, quadrat numbers sampled and years of data collection. The pins are surrounded by a white-line polygon name after each of the six blocks used in the design of spatial replication.
CLASS V. SUPPLEMENTAL DESCRIPTORS
A. Data acquisition
1. Data entry verification procedures: See Classes II and III above.
B. Quality assurance/quality control procedures: The procedures above (II and III) ensured transfer of information from field sheets to digital formats. These data have been subjected to a multiple step review process. Demographic information was digitized at UPenn and supervised by R.S.G. for 1997–2005 data, and digitized by R.S.G. for 2006–2012 data. When incongruences emerged, they were resolved by accessing original paper records and consulting between B.B.C. and R.S.G.
C. Related material: NA.
D. Computer programs and data processing algorithms: Google Earth is necessary to open "Georeference_location_data.kmz".
E. Archiving: NA.
F. Publications and results:
Analyses of these data have contributed to the following manuscripts:
Casper, B. B., I. N. Forseth, H. Kempenich, S. Seltzer and K. Xavier. 2001. Drought prolongs leaf life span in the herbaceous desert perennial Cryptantha flava. Functional Ecology 15:740–747.
Casper, B. B., I. N. Forseth and A. Wait. 2006. A stage-based study of drought response in Cryptantha flava (Boraginaceae): gas exchange, water use efficiency, and whole plant performance. American Journal of Botany 93:977–987.
Forseth, I. N., D. A. Wait and B. B. Casper. 2001. Shading by shrubs in a desert system reduces the physiological and demographic performance of an associated herbaceous perennial. Journal of Ecology 89:670–680.
Lucas, R. W., I. N. Forseth, and B. B. Casper. 2008. Using rainout shelters to evaluate climate change effects on the demography of Cryptantha flava. Journal of Ecology 96:514–522.
Jones, O. R., A. Scheuerlein, R. Salguero-Gómez, C. G. Camarda, R. Schaible, B. B. Casper, J. P. Dahlgren, J. Ehrlén, M. B. García, E. Menges, P. F. Quintana-Ascencio, H. Caswell, A. Baudisch, and J. W. Vaupel. In review. Varieties of ageing across the tree of life. Science.
Salguero-Gómez, R. 2011. Physiological bases of plant shrinkage and its demographic implications. PhD thesis. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Salguero-Gómez, R., and B. B. Casper. 2010. Keeping plant shrinkage in the demographic loop. Journal of Ecology 98:312–323.
Salguero-Gómez, R., W. Siewert, B. B. Casper, and K. Tielbörger. 2012. A demographic approach to study effects of climate change in desert plants. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society – Series B: Biological Sciences 367:3100–3114.
G. Publications using the same sites:
Note to the user: the site was referred to as "County Road site" in publications prior to 2001.
Casper, B. B. 1987. Spatial patterns of seed dispersal and post-dispersal seed predation in Cryptantha flava.American Journal of Botany 74:1646–1655.
Casper, B. B. 1988. Post-dispersal seed predation may select for wind dispersal but not seed number per dispersal unit in Cryptantha flava. Oikos 52:27–30.
Casper, B. B. 1988. Evidence for selective embryo abortion in Cryptantha flava. American Naturalist 132:318–326.
Casper, B. B. 1990. Timing of embryo abortion and the effect of ovule thinning on nutlet mass in Cryptantha flava (Boraginaceae). Annals of Botany 65:489–492.
Casper, B. B. 1990. Seedling establishment from one- and two-seeded fruits of Cryptantha flava: a test of parent-offspring conflict. American Naturalist 136:167–177.
Casper, B. B. 1994. Post-dispersal sibling competition and the evolution of single-seededness in Cryptantha flava. Evolution 48:1377–1382.
Casper, B. B. 1996. Demographic consequences of drought in the herbaceous perennial Cryptantha flava: effects of density, associations with shrubs, and plant size. Oecologia 106:144–152.
Casper, B. B., I. N. Forseth, H. Kempenich, S. Seltzer, and K. Xavier. 2002. Drought prolongs leaf life span in the herbaceous desert perennial Cryptantha flava (Boraginaceae). Functional Ecology 15:740–747.
Casper, B. B., I. N. Forseth, and D. A. Wait. 2005. Variation in carbon isotope discrimination in relation to plant performance in a natural population of Cryptantha flava. Oecologia 145:541–548.
Casper, B.B., I. N. Forseth, and D.A. Wait. 2006. A stage-based study of drought response in Cryptantha flava (Boraginaceae): Gas exchange, water use efficiency, and whole plant performance. American Journal of Botany 93:978–987.
Forseth, I. N., D. A. Wait, and B. B. Casper. 2001. Shading by shrubs in a desert system reduces the physiological and demographic performance of an associated herbaceous perennial. Journal of Ecology 89:670–680.
Jones, O. R., A. Scheuerlein, R. Salguero-Gómez, C. G. Camarda, R. Schaible, B. B. Casper, J. P. Dahlgren, J. Ehrlén, M. B. García, E. Menges, P. F. Quintana-Ascencio, H. Caswell, A. Baudisch, and J. W. Vaupel. In press. Varieties of ageing across the tree of life. Nature.
Peek, M. S., and I. N. Forseth. 2009. Positive effects of soil nitrogen pulses on individuals can have negative consequences for population growth during drought in a herbaceous desert perennial. Journal of Ecology 97:440–449.
Peek, M. S., and I. N. Forseth. 2005. Non-destructive estimation of lateral root distribution in an aridland perennial. Plant and Soil 273:211–217.
Peek, M. S., A. J. McElrone, and I. N. Forseth. 2004. Gas exchange responses of a desert herbaceous perennial to variable sunlight in contrasting microhabitats. Journal of Arid Environments 4:439–449.
Peek, M. S., and I. N. Forseth. 2003. Microhabitat dependent responses to resource pulses in the aridland perennial, Cryptantha flava. Journal of Ecology 91:457–466.
Peek, M. S., and I. N. Forseth. 2003. Enhancement of photosynthesis and growth of an aridland perennial in response to soil nitrogen pulses generated by mule deer. Environmental and Experimental Botany 49:169–180.
Salguero-Gómez, R., and B. B. Casper. 2011a. Introducing short roots in a desert perennial: anatomical and spatiotemporal foraging responses to increased precipitation. The New Phytologist 191:173–183.
Salguero-Gómez, R., and B. B. Casper. 2011b. A hydraulic explanation for size-specific plant shrinkage: developmental hydraulic sectoriality. The New Phytologist 189:229–240.
H. History of data set usage
1. Data set update history: Data files were compiled in current form in 2013.
2. Review history: NA.
3. Questions and comments from secondary users: NA.
Acknowledgments
The following individuals contributed to field data collection: T. Casper, J. Castelli, S. Frank, C. Hawkes, T. Marushak, A. McElrone, M. Peek, S. Seltzer, L. Spinder, R. Vandegrift, A. Wait, B. Waring, K. Xavier, and A. Zeng. Fieldwork was supported funded by NSF (IBN95-27833) and REU supplements, and the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. Support to R.S.G. was provided by two Binns-Williams awards of The University of Pennsylvania, the Lewis and Clark Fund for Exploration and Field Research of American Philosophical Society, the Grant-in-Aid Research of Sigma-Xi, and the Forrest Shreve Desert Ecology award of the Ecological Society of America. We thank the Bureau of Land Management in Vernal, UT for their inestimable support during fieldwork (J. Sinclear, J. Salix, and J. Brunson), and the Uintah Basin Branch Campus of the Utah State University and L. Squires graciously allowed us use of laboratory facilities.
Disclaimer
Substantial efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of data and documentation. However, the authors cannot guarantee complete accuracy of the data set. The Principal Investigator encourages the user to contact her with questions or concerns regarding the intended use and appropriate analyses for these data.
Author Contributions
Roberto Salguero-Gómez: Digitized and carefully checked all files made available in this publication, collected demographic information from 2006 to 2012, and wrote the paper.
Helen Kempenich: Helped maintain plots and conduct censuses for numerous years. Provided other logistical support for the project.
Irwin N. Forseth: Set up plots in 1997 and rainout shelters in 1998 and 1999, together with B. B. Casper developed original research question, contributed to collection of demographic data 1997–2000.
Brenda B. Casper: Together with I. N. Forseth, developed the original research questions and experimental design, collected demographic information from 1997 to 2005, and edited the paper. Provided edits to this paper.
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