Ecological Archives E094-084-D1

D. A. Kelt, P. L. Meserve, J. R. Gutiérrez, W. Bryan Milstead, M. A. Previtali. 2013. Long-term monitoring of mammals in the face of biotic and abiotic influences at a semiarid site in north-central Chile. Ecology 94:977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/12-1811.1


Introduction

Our long-term research program was established in 1989 to evaluate the relative role of competition and predation in structuring small-mammal assemblages, as well as cascading effects on the plant community. In the 3rd and 4th years of this study our site experienced an El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm (high rainfall) event which resulted in a near-doubling of the annual rain (233 and 229 mm in 1991 and 1992, respectively; the long-term mean from 1989 to 2005 was 139.4 mm). Another ENSO warm event occurred in 1997, and a prolonged wet period took place in 2000–2002. Reflecting our developing recognition of the priority of abiotic influences at this site the focus of our research transitioned to one of the relative importance of biotic (predation, competition) and abiotic (rainfall) influences on biotic composition and functioning. In recent years we have begun to focus on long-term stability and dynamics of the biotic assemblage at our site in the face of likely climate change. This metadata file outlines our field methods and the structure of the associated data sets.

Metadata

Class I. Data set descriptors

A. Data set identity: Long-term monitoring in the face of biotic and abiotic influences at a semiarid site in north-central Chile.

B. Data set identification code: Each data set has its own file and its own metadata documenting the data collection details and data set structure.

Data files

Three data sets and associated metadata are presented in the following files.

Small mammals:

Data files --Fray_Jorge_Small_Mammals_198903-200512.txt

Metadata --Fray_Jorge_Small_Mammal_Metadata.php

Vegetation:

Data files --

Fray_Jorge_Annuals_1989-2005.txt

Fray_Jorge_Perennials_1989-2005.txt

Fray_Jorge_Seeds_1989-2002.txt

Fray_Jorge_Seeds_2003-2005 I.txt

Fray_Jorge_Seeds_2003-2005 II.txt

Metadata --Fray_Jorge_Plant_Metadata.php

Precipitation:

Data files -- Fray_Jorge_Precipitation_1989-2005.csv

Metadata -- Fray_Jorge_Precipitation_Metadata.php

 

Current Principal Investigators:

Douglas A. Kelt, Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA

Peter L. Meserve, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL 60115, USA

Julio R. Gutiérrez, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena and Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Casilla 599, La Serena, Chile

Abstract: The data set covers a 16-year period (1989–2005) of monthly small-mammal surveys and associated habitat and environmental data. Small mammals are trapped every month on all experimental plots, and both ephemeral and perennial plant cover and soil seed bank composition are measured at regular intervals. Rainfall is recorded and compiled annually (through 1998) or monthly; information on captured small mammals and on all vegetative and rainfall data are contained in associated files. These data have been applied to diverse population- and community-level analyses and remain useful for investigations of population dynamics, species interactions, and the relative influence of biotic and abiotic factors. Sampling is ongoing and data will be added over time.

D. Key words: Key words: biotic vs. abiotic interactions; climate; competition; ENSO; ephemeral plant cover; LTREB data; predation; semiarid ecosystem; shrub cover; small mammals.

Class II. Research origin descriptors

A. Overall project description

Identity: Long-term data for the three core data collection efforts in the Fray Jorge LTREB (NSF Long Term Research in Environmental Biology); small mammals, vegetation, precipitation.

Originators: Drs. Peter L. Meserve, Julio R. Gutiérrez, and Fabián Jaksic. Jaksic departed in 1994; Dr. Douglas A. Kelt joined the project in 1999.

Period of Study: 1989–2005, ongoing.

Objectives: To monitor the community- and population-level dynamics of semiarid-zone small mammals and plants, and characterize the influence of competition, predation, and rainfall on small-mammal assemblage structure and composition, and cascading influences on vegetative structure and composition.

Abstract: see above.

Sources of funding: Collaterally funded by NSF (DEB 8806639, 9020047, 9318565, 9615499, 9873708, 0319966, 0947724, 0948583) and the Chilean equivalent agency Fondecyt 1900930, 1931150, 1970576, 1000041, 1030225, 1070808, 1110228).

B. Specific subproject description

Site description:

1. Site description: Bosque Fray Jorge National Park is a 10,000 ha biosphere reserve located on the coast of Chile at the extreme northern edge of the central Mediterranean zone (30°38’S, 71°40’W). The site is a transitional zone where components of the biota from the southern more mesic Mediterranean-type climate overlap with components from the northern hyper-arid Atacama Desert.  The park is dominated by semiarid thorn scrub vegetation with remnant fog forests on coastal hill-tops; the park has been protected from grazing and disturbance since 1941. The flora of the lower elevational scrub zone includes spiny drought-deciduous and evergreen shrubs and understory herbs on a primarily sandy substrate (Gutiérrez et al. 1993). The climate is semiarid Mediterranean with 90% of the precipitation occurring in winter months (May–September); summer months (December–March) are warm and dry. Although annual rainfall averaged 139.4 mm from 1989 to 2005, in the review period five El Niño/high-rainfall events have occurred: 1991–1992 (233 and 229 mm), 1997 (330 mm), 2000–2002 (209, 236, and 356 mm), and 2004 (168 mm). Intervening years were dry and included a La Niña event in 1998 (11 mm).

Fig1

Fig. 1. Location of Bosque Fray Jorge National Park in north-central Chile (left) and a Google Earth image of the Quebrada de las Vacas (and adjacent Altos de Talinay) showing the location and identity of our 20 experimental grids. The house where the field crew stays is indicated with a green star; the meteorological station is located ca. 40 m from the house.


2. Experimental/Sampling design: Quebrada de las Vacas is a north-south oriented valley located in Bosque Fray Jorge National Park and just inland from low coastal hills (Altos de Talinay). In 1989 we established 16 0.56 ha plots (75 × 75 m) in the Quebrada del las Vacas. These comprise the Central Grid Complex.

Plots were randomly assigned to one of four treatments (4 replicates each; see Table 1) including: (1) controls, with low (1.0 m h) 2.5 cm mesh fencing buried ca. 40 cm with 5 cm d holes at ground level to provide access by all small mammals and predators (+D +P); (2) predator exclusions, with tall (1.8 m h) 5 cm mesh fencing buried 40 cm, 1 m overhangs, and polyethylene mesh (15 cm) netting overhead, excluding predators but allowing small-mammal access (including degus; +D -P); (3) degu exclusions, with low (1.0 m h) 2.5 cm mesh fencing without holes to exclude degus but not other small mammals or predators (-D +P); or 4) degu & predator exclusions, with tall (1.8 m h) 5 cm mesh fencing, with high overhangs, and netting to exclude predators, supplemented with 2.5 cm fencing to exclude degus (-D -P). Any degus captured in -D plots during monthly censuses are removed and released approximately 1 km from the experimental grid complex.

In 1997 we added 4 open grids (no fencing) for a food supplementation study (Grids 17–20; Meserve et al. 2001; this terminated in late 2002.

In 2001 in response to 12 years with no indication of substantial vegetative responses to the exclusion of degus, we converted -D -P plots to exclude all small mammals (-SM) by removing overhead netting and converting fences to lower (1.5 m) fences with finer mesh (hardware cloth, ca. 5 mm mesh) and metal flashing to prevent animals from climbing into grids. We also trimmed vegetation on the periphery to prevent animals from climbing over fences. As with degu exclusions, we remove any small mammals captured in –SM plots and release them approximately 1 km from the experimental grid complex.

Treatments: See Table 1 for details on treatment assignments for each plot.

Table 1. Treatments allocated per trapping grid from 1989 through 2005. Capital letters (D, P, F, SM) refer to treatments (degu, predator, food addition, and all small mammals, respectively) and operators (+, -) indicate if these groups had full or no access, respectively.

Table 1

 

Fig2

Fig. 2. Photographs of predator removal treatments. The left panel shows 1.8 m tall fencing with overhang to prevent foxes from scaling fences. Each grid has one small gate (shown) for access by project staff. This figure also shows the polypropylene netting used to exclude aerial predators, but this is more clearly visible from a photograph of Grids 1 and 2 taken from higher ground north of the study area (shown in the right panel). Photos by D. A. Kelt.

Data Collection Period, Frequency: Small mammals are trapped for four days/month/grid (5 × 5 stations, 15 m interval, two Sherman-type live-traps/station). Perennial shrub cover is measured every three months, ephemeral plant (annuals + geophytes) cover is measured monthly in the growing season (April–Aug. to Oct.–Dec.), and soil samples for seed bank are collected every fourth month.

 

Class III. Supplemental descriptors

A. Publications using the data set: Following listing includes all papers emerging from this research through 2005.

  1. Contreras, L. C., and J. R. Gutiérrez. 1991. Effects of the subterranean herbivorous rodent Spalacopus cyanus on herbaceous vegetation in arid coastal Chile. Oecologia 87:106–109.
  2. Gutiérrez, J. R., P. L. Meserve, F. M. Jaksić, L. C. Contreras, S. Herrera, and H. Vásquez. 1993. Structure and dynamics of vegetation in a Chilean arid thornscrub community. Acta Oecologia 14:271–285.
  3. Gutiérrez, J. R., P. L. Meserve, L. C. Contreras, H. Vásquez and F. M. Jaksić. 1993. Spatial distribution of soil nutrients and ephemeral plant underneath and outside the canopy of Porlieria chilensis (Zygophyllaceae) shrubs in arid coastal Chile. Oecologia 95:347–352.
  4. Jaksić, F. M., P. L. Meserve, J. R. Gutiérrez and E. Tabilo. 1993. The components of predation on small mammals in semiarid Chile: preliminary results. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 66:305–321.
  5. Meserve, P. L., J. R. Gutiérrez and F. M. Jaksić. 1993. Effects of vertebrate predation on a caviomorph rodent, the degu (Octodon degus), in a semiarid thorn scrub community in Chile.  Oecologia 94:153–158.
  6. Meserve, P. L., J.  R. Gutiérrez, L. C. Contreras and F. M. Jaksić. 1993. Role of biotic interactions in a semiarid scrub community in north-central Chile: a long-term ecological experiment. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 66:225–241.
  7. Contreras, L. C., J. R. Gutiérrez, V. Valverde, and G. W. Cox. 1993. Ecological relevance of subterranean herbivorous rodents in semiarid coastal Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 66: 357–368.
  8. Gutiérrez, J. R. 1993. The effect of water, nitrogen, and human‑induced desertification on the structure of ephemeral plant communities in the Chilean coastal desert. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 66:337–344.
  9. Castro, S. A., S. I. Silva, P. L. Meserve, J. R. Gutiérrez, L. C. Contreras and F. M. Jaksić. 1994. Frugivory and dispersal of seeds of pimiento (Schinus molle) by culpeo foxes (Pseudalopex culpaeus) in Fray Jorge National Park (IV Region, Chile). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 67:169–176 (in Spanish).
  10. Meserve, P. L. J. A. Yunger, J. R. Gutiérrez, L. C. Contreras, W. B. Milstead, B. K. Lang, K. L. Cramer, S. Herrera, V. O. Lagos, S. I. Silva, E. L. Tabilo, M.-A. Torrealba, and F. M. Jaksić. 1995. Heterogeneous responses of small mammals to an El Niño Southern Oscillation event in north‑central semiarid Chile and the importance of ecological scale. Journal of Mammalogy 76:580–595.
  11. Lagos, V. O., L. C. Contreras, P. L. Meserve, J. R. Gutiérrez, and F. M. Jaksić. 1995. Predation effects on space use by small mammals: a field experiment with a Neotropical rodent, Octodon degus. Oikos 74:259–264.
  12. Silva, S. I., I. Lazo, E. Silva-Aránguiz, F. M. Jaksić, and P. L. Meserve. 1995. Numerical and functional response of Burrowing Owls to long-term mammal fluctuations in Chile. Journal of Raptor Research 29:250–255.
  13. Meserve, P. L., J. R. Gutiérrez, J. A. Yunger, L. C. Contreras, and F. M. Jaksić. 1996. Role of biotic interactions in a small mammal assemblage in semiarid Chile. Ecology 77:133–148.
  14. Gutiérrez, J. R., P. L. Meserve, S. Herrera, L. C. Contreras, and F. M. Jaksić. 1997. Effects of small mammals and vertebrate predators on vegetation in the Chilean semiarid zone. Oecologia 109:398–406.
  15. Jaksić, F. M., S. I. Silva, P. L. Meserve, and J. R. Gutiérrez. 1997. A long-term study of vertebrate predator responses to an El Niño (ENSO) disturbance in western South America. Oikos 78:341–354.
  16. Gutiérrez, J. R. and F. Bozinovic. 1998. Diet selection in captivity by a generalist herbivorous rodent (Octodon degus) from the Chilean coastal desert. Journal of Arid Environments 39:601–607.
  17. Meserve, P. L. and P. A. Marquet. 1999. Introduction to the symposium “Large spatial and temporal scales in mammalian ecology: perspectives from the Americas”. Oikos 85:297–298.
  18. Meserve, P. L., W. B. Milstead, J. R. Gutiérrez, and F. M. Jaksić. 1999. The interplay of biotic and abiotic factors in a semiarid Chilean mammal assemblage: results of a long-term experiment. Oikos 85:364–372.
  19. Salvatori, V., G. Vaglio-Laurin, P. L. Meserve, L. Boitani, and A. Campanella. 1999. Spatial organization, activity, and social interactions of culpeo foxes (Pseudalopex culpaeus) in north-central Chile. Journal of Mammalogy 80:980–985.
  20. Aguilera, L. E., J. R. Gutiérrez, and P. L. Meserve. 1999. Variation in soil micro-organisms and nutrients underneath and outside the canopy of Adesmia bedwellii (Papilionaceae) shrubs in arid coastal Chile following drought and above average rainfall. Journal of Arid Environments 42:61–70.
  21. Gutiérrez, J. R. and P .L. Meserve. 2000. Density and biomass responses of ephemeral plants to experimental exclusions of small mammals and their vertebrate predators in the Chilean semiarid zone. Journal of Arid Environments 45:173–181.
  22. Aguilera, L .E., J. R. Gutiérrez, and P. L. Meserve.  2000.  Spatial and temporal variation in the microbial community and associated nutrients of Adesmia bedwellii in the coastal arid zone of Chile, p. 178–181. IN: Proceedings of the IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Ecologia, Ecology and sustainable development: challenge of Latin America for the third millennium (Jimenez-Milon, P., C. Talavera-Delgado, L. Villegas-Paredes, A. Ortega-Paredes & F. Villasante-Benavides, eds.) Industria Gráfica Regentus R.S. Ltda., Arequipa-Peru, 274 pp.
  23. Gutiérrez, J. R., P. L. Meserve, and F. M. Jaksić. 2000. Effects of the El Niño Current on the terrestrial biota of arid ecosystems of South America, p. 91–94. IN: Proceedings of the IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Ecologia, Ecology and sustainable development: challenge of Latin America for the third millennium (Jimenez-Milon, P., C. Talavera-Delgado, L. Villegas-Paredes, A. Ortega-Paredes & F. Villasante-Benavides, eds.) Industria Gráfica Regentus R.S. Ltda., Arequipa-Peru, 274 pp.
  24. Gutiérrez, J. R., G. Arancio, and F. M. Jaksić. 2000. Variation in vegetation and seed bank in a Chilean semi-arid community affected by ENSO 1997. Journal of Vegetation Science 11:641–648.
  25. Meserve, P. L., W. B. Milstead and J. R. Gutiérrez. 2001. Results of a food addition experiment in a north-central Chilean small mammal assemblage: evidence for the role of “bottom-up” factors.  Oikos 94:548–556.
  26. Holmgren, M., M. Scheffer, E. Ezcurra, J. R. Gutiérrez, and G. M. J. Mohren. 2001. El Niño effects on the dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:89–94.
  27. Squeo, F. A., G. Arancio, L. A. Cavieres, J. R. Gutiérrez, M. Muñoz, and C. Marticorena.  2001. Análisis del estado de conservación de la flora nativa de la IV Región de Coquimbo. In: (F. A. Squeo, G. Arancio & J. R. Gutiérrez, eds), "Libro Rojo de la Flora Nativa y de los Sitios Prioritarios para su Conservación: Región de Coquimbo", pp. 53–62. Ediciones Universidad de La Serena, La Serena.
  28. Squeo, F. A., G. Arancio, C. Marticorena, M. Muñoz, and J. R. Gutiérrez.  2001.  Diversidad vegetal de la IV Región de Coquimbo, Chile. Pp. 149–158 in (F. A. Squeo, G. Arancio & J. R. Gutiérrez, eds), "Libro Rojo de la Flora Nativa y de los Sitios Prioritarios para su Conservación: Región de Coquimbo." Ediciones Universidad de La Serena, La Serena.
  29. Gutiérrez, J. R.  2001.  Importancia de los arbustos leñosos en los ecosistemas de la IV Región. Pp. 253–260 in (F. A. Squeo, G. Arancio & J. R. Gutiérrez, eds.), "Libro Rojo de la Flora Nativa y de los Sitios Prioritarios para su Conservación: Región de Coquimbo.” Ediciones Universidad de La Serena, La Serena.
  30. Squeo, F. A., G. Arancio, and J. R. Gutiérrez (eds).  2001.  "Libro Rojo de la Flora Nativa y de los Sitios Prioritarios para su Conservación: Región de Coquimbo". Ediciones Universidad de La Serena, La Serena. 372 pp.
  31. Gutiérrez, J. R.  2001.  Dynamics of ephemeral plants in the coastal desert of north-central Chile. In: (I. Prakash., ed), "Ecology of Desert Environments", pp. 105–124. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
  32. Yunger, J. A., P. L. Meserve, and J. R. Gutiérrez. 2002. Small mammal foraging behavior: mechanisms for coexistence and implication for population dynamics. Ecological Monographs 72:561–577.
  33. Kelt, D. A., M. L. Forister and L. K. Nabors. 2002. Preliminary evidence for size-specific differences in tail loss and predator vigilance in Liolaemus nigromaculatus. Journal of  Herpetology 36:322–325.
  34. Gutiérrez, J. R. and P. L. Meserve. 2003. El Niño effects on the soil seed bank dynamics in north-central Chile.  Oecologia 134:511–517.
  35. Meserve, P. L., D. A. Kelt, W. B. Milstead, and J. R. Gutiérrez.  2003. Thirteen years of shifting top-down and bottom-up control. BioScience 53(7):633–646.
  36. Kelt, D. A., P. L. Meserve, and J. R. Gutiérrez. 2004. Foraging ecology of small mammals in semiarid Chile: the complex interplay of biotic and abiotic effects. Ecology 85(2):383–397.
  37. Kelt, D. A., P. L. Meserve, M. L. Forrister, L. K.Nabors, and J. R. Gutiérrez. 2004.  Foraging ecology of small mammals in arid Chile – effects of multiple factors. Oikos 104:131–141.
  38. Kelt, D. A., P. L. Meserve, and J. R. Gutiérrez. 2004. Seed removal by small mammals, birds, and ants in semiarid Chile: patterns and comparisons with other systems. Journal of Biogeography 31:931–942.
  39. Squeo, F .A., J. R. Gutiérrez, and I. R. Hernández (eds). 2004. Historia natural del Parque Nacional Bosque Fray Jorge. Ediciones Universidad de La Serena, La Serena.
  40. Meserve, P. L., D. A. Kelt, W. B. Milstead, and J. R. Gutiérrez. 2004. Una investigación de largo plazo sobre interacciones de factores bióticos y abióticos del ecosistema semiárido del Parque Nacional Bosque Fray Jorge, pp. 139–159 in F. A. Squeo, J. R. Gutiérrez and I. R. Hernandez, eds. Historia natural del Parque Nacional Fray Jorge, Región de Coquimbo, Chile. Ediciones Universidad de La Serena, La Serena.
  41. Gutiérrez, J. R., P. L. Meserve, and D. A. Kelt. 2004. Estructura y dinámica de la vegetación del ecosistema semiárido del Parque Nacional Bosque Fray Jorge entre 1989 y 2002, pp. 115–134 in F. A. Squeo, J. R. Gutiérrez and I. R. Hernandez, eds. Historia natural del Parque Nacional Fray Jorge, Región de Coquimbo, Chile. Ediciones Universidad de La Serena, La Serena.
  42. Gutiérrez, J. R. and F. A. Squeo. 2004. Importancia de los arbustos leñosos en los ecosistemas semiáridos de Chile. Ecosistemas 13(1):1–14.
  43. Holmgren, M., P. Stapp, C.R. Dickman, C. Gracia, S. Graham, J.R. Gutiérrez, C. Hice, F. Jaksic, D.A. Kelt, M. Letnic, M. Lima, B.C. López, P.L. Meserve, W.B. Milstead, G.A. Polis, M.A. Previtali, M. Richter, S. Sabaté, and F.A. Squeo. 2006. A synthesis of ENSO effects on drylands in Australia, North America and South America. Advances in Geosciences 6:69–72.
  44. Holmgren, M., P. Stapp, C.R. Dickman, C. Gracia, S. Graham, J.R. Gutiérrez, C. Hice, F. Jaksic, D.A. Kelt, M. Letnic, M. Lima, B.C. López, P.L. Meserve, W.B. Milstead, G.A. Polis, M.A. Previtali, M. Richter, S. Sabaté, and F.A. Squeo. 2006. Extreme climatic events shape arid and semiarid ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4(2):87–95.
  45. Holmgren, M., B.C. López, J.R. Gutiérrez, and F.A. Squeo. 2006. Herbivory and plant growth rate determine the success of El Niño Southern Oscillation-driven tree establishment in semiarid South America. Global Change Biology 12: 2263–2271.
  46. Lima, M., M.A. Previtali, and P.L. Meserve. 2006. Climate and small rodent dynamics in semiarid Chile: the role of lateral perturbations and intra-specific processes. Climate Research 30:125–132.
  47. Gutiérrez, J.R., M. Holmgren, R. Manrique y F.A. Squeo. 2007. Reduced herbivore pressure under rainy ENSO conditions could facilitate dryland reforestation. Journal of Arid Environments 168:322–330.
  48. Squeo, F.A., M. Holmgren, M. Jiménez, L. Albán, J. Reyes, and J.R. Gutiérrez. 2007. Tree establishment along an ENSO experimental gradient in the Atacama Desert. Journal of Vegetation Sciences 18: 193–200.     
  49. Yunger, J.A., P.L. Meserve, and J.R. Gutiérrez. 2007. Effects of biotic interactions on spatial behavior of small mammals in a semiarid community in north-central Chile, pp. 141–164 in  The quintessential naturalist: honoring the life and legacy of Oliver P. Pearson (D.A. Kelt, E. P. Lessa, J. L. Patton, J. Salazar-Bravo, eds.). University of California Publications in Zoology 134.
  50. Bozinovic, F., M. Lima, L.D. Bacigalupe, J.R. Gutiérrez, M. Rosenmann, and A. Cortés.  2007.  Physiological flexibility in field urine osmolality of rodents from semi-arid Chile, pp. 165–176 in The quintessential naturalist: honoring the life and legacy of Oliver P. Pearson (D.A. Kelt, E. P. Lessa, J. L. Patton, J. Salazar-Bravo, eds.).  University of California Publications in Zoology 134.
  51. Milstead, W.B., P.L. Meserve, A. Campanella, M.A. Previtali, D.A. Kelt and J.R. Gutiérrez. 2007. Spatial ecology of small mammal populations in north-central Chile: role of precipitation and refuges. Journal of Mammalogy 88:1532–1538.
  52. Manrique, R., J.R. Gutiérrez, M. Holmgren & F.A. Squeo. 2007. Reduced herbivory during simulated ENSO rainy events increases native herbaceous plants in semiarid Chile. Plant Ecology 191: 21–31.
  53. Muñoz, M.R., F.A. Squeo, M.F. León, Y. Tracol, and J.R. Gutiérrez. 2008. Hydraulic lift in three shrub species from the Chilean coastal desert. Journal of Arid Environments 72:624–632.
  54. de la Maza, M., M. Lima, P.L. Meserve, J.R. Gutiérrez, and F.M. Jaksic. 2009. Primary production dynamics, climate variability and its ecological consequences at semiarid Chile.  Global Change Biology 15:1116–1126.
  55. Previtali, M.A., M. Lima, P.L. Meserve, D.A. Kelt, and J.R. Gutiérrez. 2009. Population dynamics of two sympatric rodent species in a highly variable environment: the influence of rainfall, resource availability, and predation.  Ecology 90:1996–2006.
  56. Meserve, P.L., J.R. Gutiérrez, D.A. Kelt, M.A. Previtali, A. Engilis, Jr., and W.B. Milstead. 2009. Global climate change and biotic-abiotic interactions in the northern Chilean semiarid zone: potential long-term consequences of increased El Niños, p. 139–162. IN: Ocean circulation and El Niño: new research (J.A. Long & D.S. Wells, eds.). Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, NY.
  57. Engilis, Jr., A. and D.A. Kelt. 2009. Foraging behavior of Tufted Tit-tyrants (Anairetes parulus) in semiarid north central Chile. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 121(3):585–592.
  58.  Previtali, M.A., P.L. Meserve, D.A. Kelt, W.B. Milstead, and J.R. Gutiérrez. 2010. Effects of more frequent and prolonged El Nino events on life-history parameters of the degu, a long-lived and slow-reproducing rodent. Conservation Biology 24:18–28.
  59. Gutiérrez, J.R., P.L. Meserve, D.A. Kelt, A. Engilis, Jr., M.A. Previtali, W.B. Milstead, and F. Jaksic. 2010. Long-term research in Bosque Fray Jorge National Park: twenty years studying the role of biotic and abiotic factors in a Chilean semiarid scrubland. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 83(1):69–98.
  60. Anderson, C.B., R. Rozzi, J.J. Armesto, and J.R. Gutiérrez. 2010. Construyendo una Red Chilena para Estudios Socio-Ecológicos a Largo Plazo: Avances, enfoques y relevancia. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 83:1–11.
  61. Meserve, P.L., C. Dickman, and D.A. Kelt. 2011. Small mammal community structure and dynamics in aridlands: overall patterns and contrasts with Southern Hemispheric systems.  Journal of Mammalogy 92:1155–1157.
  62. Meserve, P.L., D.A. Kelt, M.A. Previtali, W.B. Milstead, and J.R. Gutiérrez. 2011. Global climate change and small mammal populations in north-central Chile. Journal of Mammalogy 92:1223–1235.
  63. Madrigal, J., D.K. Kelt, P.L. Meserve, F.A. Squeo, and J.R. Gutiérrez. 2011. Bottom-up control of consumers leads to top-down indirect facilitation of invasive annual herbs in semiarid coastal Chile. Ecology 92:282–288.
  64. Jimenez, M.A., F.M. Jaksic, J.J. Armesto, A. Gaxiola, P.L. Meserve, D.A. Kelt, and J.R. Gutiérrez. 2011. Extreme climatic events change the dynamics and invasibility of semiarid annual plant communities.  Ecology Letters 14:1227–12325.
  65. Engilis, Jr., A. and D.A. Kelt. 2011. Foraging behavior of the Plain-mantled Tit-Spinetail (Leptasthenura aegithaloides) in semiarid matorral, north-central Chile. Ornitologia Neotropical 22:247–256.
  66. Kelt, D.A. 2011. Comparative ecology of desert small mammals: a selective review of the past 30 years. Journal of Mammalogy 92(6):1158–1178.
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Acknowledgments

This project would not be possible without the participation of many people in the fieldwork. This project is inherently a collaborative effort and collateral support from NSF and Fondecyt has been fundamental to the success of this work. Additional support has come from the Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, part of the Millennium Scientific Initiative. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge our respective institutions, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA, the Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile, and the University of California, Davis, CA, USA, for their steadfast support of our efforts. We gratefully acknowledge the personnel and administration of the Chilean Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF) for their permission to use Bosque Fray Jorge National Park as a living laboratory.

Literature cited

Gutiérrez, J. R., P. L. Meserve, L. C. Contreras, H. Vásquez and F. M. Jaksić. 1993. Spatial distribution of soil nutrients and ephemeral plant underneath and outside the canopy of Porlieria chilensis (Zygophyllaceae) shrubs in arid coastal Chile. Oecologia 95:347–352.

Meserve, P. L., W. B. Milstead, and J. R. Gutiérrez. 2001. Results of a food addition experiment in a north-central Chilean small mammal assemblage: evidence for the role of “bottom-up” factors. Oikos 94:548–556.

Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder, Editors. 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.


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