Supplementary material from "Porous substrate affects a subsequent attachment ability of the beetle Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)"

According to literature data, porous substrates can cause a reduction of insect attachment ability. We carried out traction experiments with adult ladybird beetles Harmonia axyridis on the smooth solid glass sample and rough porous Al₂O₃ membrane to prove the primary effect of absorption of the insect pad secretion by porous media, rather than surface roughness, on the attachment force on the porous sample. With each insect individual, a set of five experiments was conducted: (1) on glass; (2) on the porous membrane; (3–5) on glass immediately after the test on the porous surface, then after 30 min and 1 h of recovery time. On the porous substrate, the forces being similar in females and males were greatly reduced compared to those measured on glass. A significant difference between the force values obtained in the first (before the test on the porous sample) and second (immediately after the experiment on the porous sample) tests on glass was observed. After 30 min recovery time, beetles completely regained their attachment ability. Females produced significantly lower forces than males in all experiments on glass: the differences are probably caused by the sexual dimorphism in the microstructure of their adhesive pads. The obtained results are of fundamental importance for further implication in biomimetics of novel insect-repelling surfaces and in plant protection by using porous materials.