Adjusted least square mean of body mass index, biomarkers of metabolic syndrome by frequency of soup consumption: NHANES 2003–2006.

a

Data were expressed as the least square mean ± standard error, adjusted for age, gender, race, poverty income ratio, physical activity and energy intake.

b

P values for comparisons using non-consumers as the reference group.

c

Non-consumers also included those participants whose response was “No” for the previous question “did you eat soups over the past 12 months?”.

d

Values were also adjusted for self-reported diabetic status in addition to other covariates.

e

Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and C-reactive protein were analyzed in non-fasting samples by NHANES.