<b>Balancing Growth, Stability, and Sustainability: A Multivariate Study of Capitalist, Social, Mixed, and Islamic Economies</b>

<p dir="ltr">This study examines the economic performance, sustainability practices, innovation capacity, and social inclusion mechanisms of capitalist, socialist, mixed, and Islamic economic regimes. Using a cross-country dataset encompassing key macroeconomic indicators, renewable energy adoption, research and development (R&D) expenditure, and welfare policies, the research employs descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and principal component analysis to evaluate the strengths and limitations of each system. The findings indicate that regime type alone does not determine short-term growth or inflation; instead, long-term prosperity and sustainability are strongly influenced by institutional quality, strategic investment in R&D, policy coherence, and environmental management. Advanced economies benefit from high innovation and stability, while emerging economies face trade-offs between growth and macroeconomic volatility. The study highlights the critical importance of integrating market-driven innovation, state-led sustainability initiatives, and inclusive welfare policies to achieve balanced, resilient, and environmentally responsible growth. A hybrid approach, drawing on the strengths of multiple regimes, provides a practical framework for policymakers seeking sustainable and inclusive development.</p><p><br></p><p><br></p>