"Mathematical and Physical Analysis of Coin Tosses: Investigating Biases and Exploring More Reliable 50-50 Alternatives"

This research explores the mathematical and physical biases in coin tosses, analyzing why real-world coins are not perfectly fair. It investigates how factors like design differences, weight distribution, gravity, and air resistance create slight imbalances, affecting the 50-50 probability. Additionally, the study explores more reliable alternatives, such as using playing cards, to achieve a truly fair outcome. The findings provide insights into randomness, probability, and practical methods for ensuring unbiased decision-making.