This review provides an overview of the principles and techniques used in cellulose grafting. It describes the structure and reactivity of cellulose, which are important considerations in any grafting process. The review then presents several recent research examples, discusses applications, and offers an outlook on cellulosic materials where grafting is used to enhance or modify the material properties of cellulose or to introduce specific functional moieties into its structure. This review does not aim to cover the entire, extensive field of cellulose grafting but is intended to serve as a starting point for readers approaching the subject. (103 references).