A modified Bouc–Wen hysteresis model for predicting the behavior of the helical and wave springs

Today, an important task in additive manufacturing is a simulation of experiments to predict some item behavior and properties (such as hysteresis). Numerical simulations can be a time-consuming and computationally intensive to simulate even a simple structure such as a spring. To counter that, in this study, a modified Bouc–Wen mathematical model is created in MATLAB to simulate the hysteresis loop for the complex design of helical and wave springs which were constructed via additive manufacturing. A comparison was made with the previously developed finite element analysis framework of studies with springs. Fixed parameters of the model were selected for its versatility. Also, the sensitivity of the model due to the variation of each analytical parameter has been investigated. It was found that the analytical model was more accurate and consumed less time as compared to the finite element analysis simulations for structures such as springs. The current study lays the foundation for the development of similar analytical models for additively manufactured spring components to reduce the computational cost.