<b>CITATION>>></b>Gałka M., Knorr K.H., Miotk-Szpiganowicz G., <b>Moskalewicz D.</b>, Uścinowicz S., Witak M., Woźniak P.P., 2018, Uwarunkowania środowiskowe położenia zespołu osadniczego z epoki kamienia w Rzucewie., [w:] Król D. (red.), Zespół osadniczy z epoki kamienia w Rzucewie, gmina Puck, stanowisko 1, Muzeum Archeologiczne w Gdańsku, Gdańsk, ISBN: 978-83-85824-94-7, 14-39

<p dir="ltr"><b>ABSTRACT </b><b>抽象的</b><b> </b><b>چکیده</b><b> Abstracto </b><b>Resumo </b><b>Abstrait </b><b>अमूर्त </b><b>خلاصة</b></p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr"><b>EN (English)</b></p><p dir="ltr">Several factors influenced the contemporary shape of the Puck Lagoon and the surrounding area. The bottom relief and the features of its coast are the result of the last continental ice-sheet activity and the processes that took place during the ice sheet's decay. Subsequently, changes in the glacigenic relief under terrestrial conditions, and finally, the sea transgression, led to the creation of a new lagoon environment. The evolution process of this area includes the following main stages of palaeogeographical development and settlement periods connected with them.</p><p dir="ltr">1. About 15,500–15,000 years ago, the ice sheet disappeared, and as a result, an ice-dammed lake was formed, partly covering the area of the contemporary Puck Bay and the Puck Lagoon.</p><p dir="ltr">2. After the Baltic Ice Lake was formed about 15,000–14,500 years ago, the decrease of its water level made the area of the Puck Bay into land with numerous peatbogs and shallow lakes. The area remained terrestrial until the Littorina Sea transgression.</p><p dir="ltr">3. In the early Holocene (11,700–8,900 years ago), as the climatic conditions were improving, the woods with prevailing pine trees started to develop. At that time, the herbaceous plants were represented mainly by heath, peat moss and ferns.</p><p dir="ltr">4. During the Littorina Sea transgression (9,500–7,500 years ago – the first 2,000 years of the Littorina Sea), the sea level increased, reaching the level of 9−10 metres below the present sea level. Hel Peninsula and the Puck Bay started to form; however, the area of the Puck Lagoon remained mainly terrestrial with local lakes and peatbogs. When the climate was warmer and the humidity level was higher than it is today, the prevailing tree species were deciduous trees, including oak, linden, and elm trees. More humid areas were covered with similar to present-day swamp alder woods, whereas drier parts of the land, usually located a bit higher, were overgrown with pine and oak tree forests.</p><p dir="ltr">5. About 7,500–6,500 years ago, at the beginning of the Puck Lagoon formation, the sea ingressed into the lagoon’s deepest parts (the area of contemporary Jama Kuźnicka). At that time, the seashore was ca. 5–6 kilometres away from the contemporary Rzucewo Headland. Marshes with lakes existed at the foot of the plateau and in the lower parts of the bottom of the current Puck Lagoon.</p><p dir="ltr">6. About 6,500–6,000 years ago, when the sea level was approximately 4–5 metres lower than today, seawater covered the area of Jama Rzucewska. The plateau slopes near Rzucewo were a few hundred metres away from the seashore. The coast was low-lying and peaty (marshy type). The first evidence of the coastal settlement forms was found in the sediments dated back to that period. Palaeobotanical facts correspond well with the first settlement level recognised at the archaeological site at Rzucewo (the Ertebølle Culture). The palynological research indicates an increased share of nitrophilous plants, the appearance of a considerable amount of ruderal plants pollen, as well as some single seeds of ribwort plantain and crop plants. Traces of charcoal were also found at this location. The settlement complex was located at the bottom edge of the plateau slope. Drinking water may have been acquired from the nearby Błądzikowski stream, and possibly also from some small water reservoirs or a watercourse in the valley at the settlement's western back. It might also have been taken from the freshwater reservoirs located in the area of the contemporary Puck Lagoon. A rock material that was used to make tools might have been collected deep in the forest outside the settlement, in the river beds of Błądzikowski stream and the Gizdepka river, and additionally on the beaches near Oksywie Cliff and Jastrzębia Góra Cliff, a few kilometres from the settlement area.</p><p dir="ltr">7. 6,000–5,000 years ago, when the second settlement period took place, the climate in Rzucewo got more humid and colder, which led to the intensification of peat formation processes and the gradual impoverishment of habitats. The composition of the forests started changing with hornbeam, beech tree and oak as the dominant species. Also, an increasing share of alder swamps was noticed. The palynological record and plant remains suggest there was an increase in the intensity of human activity connected with cattle breeding, whereas soil cultivation was of little importance. At that time the settlement complex was located on the slope of the plateau in the extensive, shallow depression of denudation origin. Thanks to the sandy soil, it was possible to create terraces on the slope where constructional elements of the hats could be placed. Sources of water were the same as those suggested for the first settlement period except the Puck Lagoon, where water was becoming salty at that time. Also the sites of rock collecting were similar to those from the previous period.</p><p dir="ltr">8. In the third settlement period, dated back to 4,830–4,480 years by radiocarbon dating, the settlement location remained the same as in the second settlement period. On the western coast of the Puck Lagoon, the erosion of the Puck Plateau slopes and the Swarzewo Plateau started. The cliffs started to develop, and the sand accumulated in the area of Rzucewo Headland. That was the time when it was finally possible to collect rock material and take water from the places that were much closer to the settlement.</p><p dir="ltr">9. Throughout the recent 4,000 years, after the settlement periods distinguished at the Rzucewo site, a slow rise in the sea level caused the cliff erosion. The direct consequence of that process was the large amount of sand accumulated there, which enabled Rzucewo Headland to develop. 2,500–2,000 years ago, the sea level in the southern Baltic Sea was only 1.5–1.2 metres lower than it is now. The shape of the shoreline was very similar to the contemporary one. Throughout the last 2,800 years, mixed deciduous forests disappeared, and pine forests became dominant. Deforested areas were converted into ploughland and meadows. In the early Medieval ages, human impact resulted in the growth of the importance of ruderal plants, weeds, rye, and wheat. The presented data clearly show the influence of the environmental setting on the Stone Age settlement at the Rzucewo area. People living there used natural resources (including drinking water and rock material) available to them, thanks to the favourable settlement location.</p><h3><b>CHN (简体中文)</b></h3><p dir="ltr">普克潟湖的演化始于斯堪的纳维亚冰盖的消退。约1.55–1.5万年前，冰川消失，形成冰坝湖，覆盖了当今普克湾和部分潟湖地区。随后波罗的海冰湖阶段的水位下降，使该区域一度成为陆地，布满浅湖与泥炭沼泽。</p><p dir="ltr">在全新世早期（约1.17–0.89万年前），气候逐渐转暖，松树主导的森林扩展。草本植被以石南、泥炭藓和蕨类为主，反映出环境从冰缘区向稳定的温带生态系统过渡。</p><p dir="ltr">里特里纳海侵（约9500–7500年前）带来显著海平面上升，使得赫尔半岛和普克湾开始成形。潟湖区域则保持局部陆地环境，伴随湖泊与泥炭地。较温暖潮湿的气候下，橡树、椴树和榆树繁盛，形成多样化森林。</p><p dir="ltr">考古证据表明约6500年前Rzucewo地区出现石器时代聚落。居民利用附近溪流和淡水湖取水，收集石料于森林、河床和悬崖，制成工具。孢粉学研究揭示农业痕迹——大蕉、谷物种子与木炭残迹，说明耕作与畜牧活动初步展开。</p><p dir="ltr">在过去4000年里，海平面缓慢上升，导致悬崖侵蚀与沙子堆积，最终塑造了Rzucewo岬。约2500年前海平面接近现代高度，海岸线趋于稳定。阔叶林逐渐退缩，松林占主导。中世纪以来，人类砍伐森林发展农田，扩大牧业与农耕，环境深受影响。</p><h3><b>IR (فارسی)</b></h3><p dir="rtl">تحول تالاب پوتسک با عقب‌نشینی یخچال‌های اسکاندیناوی آغاز شد. حدود ۱۵٬۵۰۰ تا ۱۵٬۰۰۰ سال پیش، یخچال ناپدید شد و دریاچه‌ای یخ‌بندی ایجاد گردید که بخشی از خلیج و تالاب امروزی را پوشاند. سپس دریاچه یخی بالتیک تشکیل شد و با پایین رفتن سطح آب، منطقه‌ای زمینی با باتلاق‌ها و دریاچه‌های کم‌عمق پدید آمد.</p><p dir="rtl">در هولوسن اولیه (۱۱٬۷۰۰–۸٬۹۰۰ سال پیش)، شرایط آب‌وهوایی بهبود یافت و جنگل‌های کاج توسعه یافتند. پوشش گیاهی علفی شامل خلنگ، خزه‌های باتلاقی و سرخس‌ها بود که نشانگر تثبیت اکوسیستم پسایخبندان است.</p><p dir="rtl">در طول ترانسگرسیون دریای لیتورینا (۹٬۵۰۰–۷٬۵۰۰ سال پیش)، سطح دریا تا ۹–۱۰ متر پایین‌تر از امروز افزایش یافت و شبه‌جزیره هل و خلیج پوتسک شکل گرفت. تالاب هنوز بیشتر خشکی بود، اما مناطق مرطوب تحت سلطه درختان بلوط، نارون و نمدار قرار داشتند، در حالی که زمین‌های مرتفع‌تر جنگل‌های بلوط و کاج داشتند.</p><p dir="rtl">شواهد باستان‌شناسی نشان می‌دهد که حدود ۶٬۵۰۰ سال پیش در منطقه رزوچوو سکونت‌های عصر حجر وجود داشته است. مردم از آب جویبارها و مخازن کوچک استفاده می‌کردند و سنگ ابزار را از جنگل‌ها، بستر رودخانه‌ها و صخره‌های ساحلی جمع‌آوری می‌کردند. یافته‌های گرده‌شناسی شامل حضور گیاهان زراعی، بذرها و ذغال است که نشانگر آغاز کشاورزی و دامداری است.</p><p dir="rtl">در ۴٬۰۰۰ سال اخیر، سطح دریا به‌تدریج بالا آمد و فرسایش صخره‌ها و انباشت ماسه باعث شکل‌گیری دماغه رزوچوو شد. ۲٬۵۰۰ سال پیش سطح دریا تقریباً مشابه امروز بود. جنگل‌های پهن‌برگ جای خود را به جنگل‌های کاج دادند و مناطق جنگل‌زدایی شده به کشتزار و چراگاه تبدیل شدند. در قرون وسطی کشاورزی، چرا و حضور گیاهان علفی اهمیت بیشتری یافتند.</p><h3><b>ES (Español)</b></h3><p dir="ltr">La evolución de la Laguna de Puck comenzó tras la retirada de la capa de hielo escandinava. Hace unos 15.500–15.000 años se formó un lago represado por el hielo, cubriendo áreas del actual golfo y laguna. Posteriormente, con el descenso del nivel del Lago de Hielo Báltico, el terreno emergió con turberas y lagos someros.</p><p dir="ltr">En el Holoceno temprano (11.700–8.900 años), el clima mejoró y se desarrollaron bosques dominados por pinos. Las plantas herbáceas incluían brezos, musgos de turbera y helechos, señalando un cambio hacia un ecosistema más templado.</p><p dir="ltr">Durante la transgresión del Mar de Littorina (9.500–7.500 años), el nivel marino ascendió hasta 9–10 m por debajo del actual, dando forma a la península de Hel y la bahía de Puck. La laguna permaneció en gran parte terrestre con pantanos y lagos, cubierta por bosques de robles, tilos y olmos.</p><p dir="ltr">Evidencias arqueológicas indican que hacia 6.500 años hubo asentamientos en Rzucewo. Los habitantes obtenían agua de arroyos y lagunas, recolectaban piedra en bosques, ríos y acantilados para fabricar herramientas, y practicaban actividades iniciales de agricultura y ganadería.</p><p dir="ltr">En los últimos 4.000 años, el ascenso marino provocó erosión costera y acumulación de arena, formando el cabo de Rzucewo. Hace 2.500 años el nivel marino era casi igual al actual. Los bosques mixtos desaparecieron, los pinares se expandieron y las áreas deforestadas se transformaron en campos de cultivo y praderas. En la Edad Media aumentó la influencia humana con cereales y malezas ruderal.</p><h3><b>BRA (Português do Brasil)</b></h3><p dir="ltr">A evolução da Lagoa de Puck começou com o recuo da camada de gelo escandinava. Por volta de 15.500–15.000 anos atrás, formou-se um lago represado, cobrindo parte da baía e da lagoa atuais. Com a descida do nível do Lago de Gelo Báltico, a região tornou-se terrestre, com turfeiras e lagos rasos.</p><p dir="ltr">No Holoceno inicial (11.700–8.900 anos), o clima melhorou e florestas de pinheiros se expandiram. A vegetação herbácea incluía urze, musgo de turfa e samambaias, marcando a transição para um ambiente mais estável.</p><p dir="ltr">Durante a transgressão do Mar Littorina (9.500–7.500 anos), o nível do mar subiu até cerca de 9–10 m abaixo do atual, dando origem à Península de Hel e à Baía de Puck. A lagoa permaneceu em grande parte terrestre, mas com florestas de carvalho, olmo e tília, além de pântanos de amieiro.</p><p dir="ltr">Evidências arqueológicas mostram que cerca de 6.500 anos atrás havia assentamentos em Rzucewo. Os habitantes obtinham água de riachos e lagoas, coletavam pedras em rios e falésias, fabricavam ferramentas e começaram a desenvolver agricultura e pecuária.</p><p dir="ltr">Nos últimos 4.000 anos, o aumento do nível do mar causou erosão das falésias e acumulação de areia, formando o Cabo de Rzucewo. Há 2.500 anos o nível do mar já estava próximo ao atual. As florestas mistas desapareceram, os pinhais se tornaram dominantes e as áreas desmatadas foram convertidas em campos e pastagens. Na Idade Média, o impacto humano aumentou com cereais e ervas ruderais.</p><h3><b>FRA (Français)</b></h3><p dir="ltr">L’évolution de la lagune de Puck débuta avec le retrait de la calotte glaciaire scandinave. Vers 15 500–15 000 ans, un lac de barrage glaciaire recouvrait la zone de la baie actuelle. Puis, lors de la baisse du niveau du lac glaciaire baltique, la région devint terrestre avec tourbières et lacs peu profonds.</p><p dir="ltr">Au début de l’Holocène (11 700–8 900 ans), le climat s’améliora et des forêts dominées par les pins se développèrent. La flore herbacée était composée de bruyères, mousses de tourbières et fougères.</p><p dir="ltr">La transgression de la mer Littorina (9 500–7 500 ans) fit monter le niveau marin à 9–10 m sous l’actuel, façonnant la presqu’île de Hel et la baie de Puck. La lagune resta en grande partie terrestre, couverte de forêts de chênes, ormes et tilleuls, avec marécages d’aulnes.</p><p dir="ltr">Des preuves archéologiques révèlent qu’environ 6 500 ans, des populations de l’âge de pierre s’installèrent à Rzucewo. Elles utilisaient les ruisseaux et lagunes pour l’eau, collectaient des pierres dans les forêts, rivières et falaises pour fabriquer des outils, et pratiquaient déjà élevage et agriculture.</p><p dir="ltr">Au cours des 4 000 dernières années, la montée du niveau marin provoqua l’érosion des falaises et l’accumulation sableuse, donnant naissance au cap de Rzucewo. Il y a 2 500 ans, le niveau marin était proche de l’actuel. Les forêts mixtes disparurent au profit des pins, et les terres furent transformées en champs et pâturages. Au Moyen Âge, l’impact humain renforça la culture des céréales et l’expansion des plantes rudérales.</p><h3><b>IND (हिन्दी)</b></h3><p dir="ltr">पुक़ लैगून का विकास स्कैंडिनेवियाई हिमचादर के पीछे हटने से शुरू हुआ। लगभग 15,500–15,000 वर्ष पहले हिमनद पिघला और एक बर्फ़ से बाँधा हुआ झील बना जिसने वर्तमान खाड़ी और लैगून का क्षेत्र ढक लिया। बाद में जल स्तर गिरा और भूमि पर दलदली क्षेत्र और छोटे झीलें बनीं।</p><p dir="ltr">प्रारंभिक होलोसीन (11,700–8,900 वर्ष) में जलवायु सुधरी और चीड़ के जंगल फैले। वनस्पति में मुख्यतः हीदर, पीट मॉस और फर्न थे, जो एक स्थिर पर्यावरण की ओर संकेत करते हैं।</p><p dir="ltr">लिट्टोरीना समुद्र की प्रगति (9,500–7,500 वर्ष) में समुद्र का स्तर बढ़ा और हेल प्रायद्वीप व पुक़ खाड़ी का निर्माण हुआ। लैगून का अधिकांश भाग स्थलीय ही रहा लेकिन ओक, लिंडेन और एल्म के जंगल पनपे।</p><p dir="ltr">लगभग 6,500 वर्ष पहले र्ज़ुचेवो क्षेत्र में पाषाण युग की बस्तियाँ बनीं। लोग पास के नालों और झीलों से पानी लेते और उपकरण बनाने के लिए पत्थर जंगलों, नदी तलों और तटीय चट्टानों से लाते। कृषि और पशुपालन के शुरुआती प्रमाण भी मिले।</p><p dir="ltr">पिछले 4,000 वर्षों में समुद्र स्तर बढ़ा, जिससे चट्टानों का कटाव और रेत का जमाव हुआ, और र्ज़ुचेवो हेडलैंड का निर्माण हुआ। लगभग 2,500 वर्ष पहले समुद्र स्तर वर्तमान के करीब था। वनों की जगह चीड़ का प्रभुत्व हुआ, और भूमि कृषि व घासभूमि में बदली। मध्यकाल में मानव प्रभाव और बढ़ा, जिसमें अनाज और खरपतवारों की खेती शामिल थी।</p><h3><b>AR (العربية)</b></h3><p dir="rtl">بدأ تطور بحيرة بوتسك مع تراجع الغطاء الجليدي الاسكندنافي. قبل نحو 15,500–15,000 سنة اختفى الجليد وتكوّن بحيرة جليدية غطت أجزاء من الخليج والبحيرة الحالية. لاحقًا ومع انخفاض مستوى بحيرة الجليد البلطيقية، أصبحت المنطقة برية مع مستنقعات وبحيرات ضحلة.</p><p dir="rtl">في أوائل الهولوسين (11,700–8,900 سنة)، تحسنت الظروف المناخية ونمت غابات الصنوبر. النباتات العشبية شملت الخلنج والطحالب المستنقعية والسراخس.</p><p dir="rtl">أثناء ترانسغريس بحر ليتورينا (9,500–7,500 سنة)، ارتفع مستوى البحر إلى نحو 9–10 أمتار أقل من الحالي، مما شكل شبه جزيرة هيل وخليج بوتسك. بقيت البحيرة إلى حد كبير يابسة مغطاة بغابات البلوط والزيزفون والدردار، مع مستنقعات ألدر.</p><p dir="rtl">تشير الأدلة الأثرية إلى وجود استيطان منذ نحو 6,500 سنة في رزوچيفو. كان السكان يحصلون على الماء من الجداول والبحيرات، ويجمعون الصخور من الغابات والأنهار والمنحدرات الساحلية لصنع الأدوات. كما ظهرت دلائل على الزراعة وتربية المواشي.</p><p dir="rtl">على مدى الـ 4,000 سنة الماضية، تسبب ارتفاع البحر في تآكل المنحدرات وتراكم الرمال، مما أدى إلى تشكل رأس رزوچيفو. قبل 2,500 سنة كان مستوى البحر قريبًا من الحالي. اختفت الغابات المختلطة وحلت محلها غابات الصنوبر. وفي العصور الوسطى، ازداد تأثير الإنسان عبر الزراعة والمراعي وانتشار النباتات الحولية.</p>