Mexico-California Bi-National Initiative of Kelp Forest Ecosystems and Fisheries

<p>The coastal forests formed by the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera are iconic and primary habitats distributed discontinuously from central Baja California (Mexico) to central California (USA). The giant kelp creates a biogenic habitat that supports high levels of species diversity and productivity in the region, acting as a refuge, nursery and food provider for many species. Kelp forests provides ecosystem services to humans worth billions of dollars globally. These services include food and natural products, chemical products, recreational and commercial fisheries, ecotourism opportunities, cultural value, and nutrient cycling.</p> <p>Coastal human populations rely on many of these ecosystem services. Beyond its economic benefits, giant kelp, together with the species that inhabit the kelp forests, play a significant role in climate control by regulating carbon flows, acting as a reserve and sink for carbon dioxide on living tissue, and facilitating the burial of carbon in sea bed sediments. Giant kelp and the biological communities that it supports will likely react to climatic and non-climatic changes in complex and unexpected ways.</p> <p>In California and Baja California, giant kelp forests can be expected to contract in their southern extent due to warming waters, reductions in nutrient availability, increasing wave disturbance and grazing by warm-water herbivores. In ecosystems shared between nations, such as kelp forest, the actions taken by one nation invariably affect the other. Effective management of such systems therefore requires strong cooperation.</p>