Integrated Proteomics and Lipidomics Analysis of Hippocampus to Reveal the Metabolic Landscape of Epilepsy

Epilepsy encompasses a spectrum of chronic brain disorders characterized by transient central nervous system dysfunctions induced by recurrent, aberrant, synchronized neuronal discharges. Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is identified as the predominant pathological alteration in epilepsy, particularly in temporal lobe epilepsy. This study investigates the metabolic profiles of epileptic hippocampal tissues using proteomics and lipidomics techniques. An epilepsy model was established in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats via intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), with hippocampal tissue samples subsequently extracted for histopathological examination. Proteomics analysis was conducted using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), while lipidomics analysis employed ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC Q-TOF/MS). Proteomic analysis identified 144 proteins with significant differential expression in acute epileptic hippocampal tissue and 83 proteins in chronic epileptic hippocampal tissue. Key proteins, including neurofilament heavy (Nefh), vimentin (Vim), gelsolin (Gsn), NAD-dependent protein deacetylase (Sirt2), 2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (Cnp), myocyte enhancer factor 2D (Mef2d), and Cathepsin D (Ctsd), were pivotal in epileptic hippocampal tissue injury and validated through parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). Concurrently, lipid metabolomics analysis identified 32 metabolites with significant differential expression in acute epileptic hippocampal tissue and 61 metabolites in chronic epileptic hippocampal tissue. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that glycerophospholipid (GP) metabolism, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis, and glycerolipid (GL) metabolism were crucial in epileptic hippocampal tissue injury. Integrated proteomics and lipidomics analysis revealed key protein–lipid interactions in acute and chronic epilepsy and identified critical pathways such as sphingolipid signaling, autophagy, and calcium signaling. These findings provide deeper insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of epileptic hippocampal tissue damage, potentially unveiling novel therapeutic avenues for clinicians.