Essential oil from <i>Goniothalamus elegans</i> Ast leaves in Vietnam: chemical composition, nitric oxide inhibition, and xanthine oxidase inhibition activities

<p>Essential oils are renowned for their distinctive aromas and broad spectrum of bioactivities, particularly in managing inflammatory conditions and oxidative stress-related disorders. The genus <i>Goniothalamus</i> is well-known for its chemical diversity, yet its anti-inflammatory and anti-gout potential remains underexplored. In this study, the essential oil of <i>Goniothalamus elegans</i> Ast was analysed for the first time, revealing a complex profile of 48 compounds, accounting for 86.74% of its total composition. The primary constituents included guaiol (13.57%), bulnesol (8.78%), palmitic acid (5.89%), phytol (5.86%), and linalool (4.41%). The essential oil exhibited significant bioactivities, notably xanthine oxidase inhibition IC₅₀ = 61.53 µg/mL and nitric oxide (NO) production suppression IC₅₀ = 17.92 µg/mL. These findings highlight the potential of <i>G. elegans</i> essential oil as a promising natural source for developing anti-inflammatory agents or adjunctive treatments for gout.</p>