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Cave-dwelling species offer unique insights into adaptive evolution.The stage-dependent cave frog, Oreolalax rhodostigmatus (Orho), exhibits troglomorphic traitsas tadpoles in Karst caves, transitioning to troglophilic/trogloxenic lifestylesafter metamorphosis, characterizedby developed pigment and eyes. This study unveils the molecular mechanisms behind Orho’s stage-dependent cave adaptation through comparative genomics and transcriptomics.