Comparisons of genetic constraints across life stages and across temperatures from Genetic independence between traits separated by metamorphosis is widespread but varies with biological function

Why is metamorphosis so pervasive? Does it facilitate the independent (micro)evolution of quantitative traits in distinct life-stages, like it enables some limbs and organs to develop at specific life-stages? We tested this hypothesis by measuring the expression of 6400 genes in 41 Drosophila melanogaster inbred lines at larval and adult stages. Only 30% of the genes showed significant genetic correlations between larval and adult expression. By contrast, 46% of the traits showed some level of genetic independence between stages. Gene ontology terms enrichment revealed that across stages correlated traits were often involved in proteins synthesis, insecticide resistance and innate immunity, while a vast number of genes expression traits associated with energy metabolism were independent between life stages. We compared our results to a similar case: genetic constraints between males and females in gonochoric species (i.e. Sexual antagonism). We expected selection for the separation between males and females to be higher than between juvenile and adult functions, as gonochorism is a more common strategy in the animal kingdom than metamorphosis. Surprisingly, we found that inter-stage constraints were lower than inter-sexual genetic constraints. Overall, our results show that metamorphosis enables a large part of the transcriptome to evolve independently at different life-stages.