A framework for mobile learning acceptance amongst formal part-time learners: From the andragogy perspective

Mobile learning is posited to be an effective learning tool for various learners. However, limited studies have been conducted to explore formal part-time learners’ behavior towards mobile learning. Therefore, this study investigated the level of acceptance of mobile learning by formal part-time learners in Malaysia. A theoretical model was developed based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) and formal part-time learners’ attributes such as self-directed learning, prior mobile learning experience, learning readiness, and orientation to learning. The developed model and hypotheses were examined using a questionnaire, and measurement and structural models were analysed using SmartPLS (v 3.2.7). The participants of the study comprised 394 formal part-time learners enrolled in five public universities in Malaysia. Finding confirmed the significant influence of self-directed learning, learning readiness, effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions in predicting the mobile learning behavioral intention and usage behavior. These findings can be considered by practitioners to enhance behavioral intention towards m-learning usage. The attributes of formal part-time learners toward the usage of m-learning in public universities were properly underlined in this study. This study’s main contribution would be to aid in the exploration of formal part-time learners’ characteristics, which would aid m-learning practitioners in developing the necessary applications and strategies.