The efficacy of SGD in vitro.

A. Toluidine blue staining of ITS-induced ATDC5 cells at different time points (0, 7, 14 and 21 days). B. Immunocytochemistry staining (COL2A1 and MMP-13) of ITS-induced ATDC5 cells on Days 0 and 1 (n = 5). C. Effects of SGD on chondrocyte-like cell proliferation (n = 6). D. Immunocytochemistry staining (COL2A1 and MMP-13) of IL-1β-induced chondrocyte-like cells after SGD-treated serum intervention: (a) blank group, (b) model group, and (c) experimental group (n = 5). Data are expressed as the mean±SD, the blank group vs. model or 14 day group, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, vs. the SGD, diacerein, experimental group *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. (one-way ANOVA were used).