Significantly upregulated GO molecular function cluster in Cx. pipiens pallens in response to three insecticides.

Upregulated proteins in the molecular function category according to the Fisher’s extract test, chitin binding was upregulated by comparing Cx_pro vs.Cx_s; structural constituent of cuticle and structural molecule activity were upregulated by comparing Cx_ddv vs.Cx_s; structural constituent of cuticle, lipid transporter activity and structural molecule activity were upregulated by comparing Cx_ddv vs. Cx_pro; lipid transporter activity and chitin binding were upregulated by comparing Cx_cym vs.Cx_pro. Scale bar is the value calculated by—log 10 (Fisher exact p value), distinguished by color. The larger the value, the more red it is. The smaller the value, the more blue it is, Fisher exact p value is used to measure statistical significance.