STarT Back Tool.

Response options for items 1–8 are “disagree” (0 points) or “agree” (1 point). Responses to item 9 are on a scale of 1–5: “not at all,” “slightly,” “moderately,” “very much,” or “extremely.” The first three options (“not at all,” “slightly,” and “moderately”) are scored as 0, and the remaining two options (“very much” and “extremely”) are scored as 1. Items 1–4 constitute the physical subscale. Items 5–9 constitute the psychosocial subscale.