Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the identified metabolites between ST vs PI groups.

<p>(A) Volcano plot of the detected metabolites between PE vs PI. In the volcano plot, each dot represents a metabolite. The green dot indicates a down-regulated differential metabolite, the red dot represents an up-regulated differential metabolite, and the gray dot represents a detected metabolite that is not significantly different. The x-axis represents the logarithmic value of the fold change in relative content between two sample groups (log₂FC). A larger absolute value on the x-axis indicates a greater difference in the relative content of the metabolite between the two groups. The y-axis represents the level of difference significance (-log₁₀P-value), and the dot size represents the VIP value. The volcano plot applies the triple filter conditions of VIP + FC + P-value. (B). The significantly differentiated metabolites were annotated to the KEGG database. The x-axis represents the rich factor associated with each pathway, while the y-axis displays the pathway names arranged in order of their P-values. Each data point’s color reflects the P-value’s magnitude, with redder colors indicating more significant enrichment. The size of the dots represents the number of differential metabolites enriched within each pathway. (C). Heat map of the significantly differentiated metabolites. The sample name is depicted on the horizontal axis, while the vertical axis represents information about differential metabolites. The "Group" parameter describes the group names, and various colors indicate values obtained after standardizing different relative contents. High content is in red, while low content is in green. The heat map is organized based on substances, with "Class" indicating the first level classification of these substances.</p>