Hierarchical Structure of Panarchy

A diagram of nested systems in a social-ecological panarchy. Systems of the same size and color are considered to be "functionally redundant" (O'Neill 1986:96).

References:

O'Neill, R. V., D. L. DeAngelis, J. B. Waide, and T. F. H. Allen. 1986. A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.