Some parts of the energy system are particularly difficult to decarbonize, including aviation, long-distance transport, steel and cement production, and provision of a reliable electricity supply. Current technologies and pathways show promise, but integration of now-discrete energy sectors and industrial processes is vital to achieve minimal emissions.
Colors
indicate the dominant role of specific technologies and processes. Green,
electricity generation and transmission; blue, hydrogen production and
transport; purple, hydrocarbon production and transport; orange, ammonia
production and transport; red, carbon management; and black, end uses of energy
and materials.