Kratom field located in the southern part of Thailand from which insect and non-insect leaves were sampled.

The map of Thailand was generated using R statistical software [42] with the raster colors indicating the mean elevation above sea level. The map was generated using publicly available data and open-source R packages (suitable for use under the CC BY 4.0 license). The world administrative boundaries shapefile was obtained from https://public.opendatasoft.com/explore/dataset/world-administrative-boundaries/export/ and imported into R software using the st_read function from the sf package. The digital elevation map (DEM) for Thailand was accessed using getData function of the raster package and cropped to the country of Thailand using the crop function of the terra package, while the final visualization was done using the ggplot2 package.