High-Efficiency Biodiesel Production Using ZnO Modified Starfish-Based Catalysts

This dataset supports the findings presented in the manuscript titled "High-Efficiency Biodiesel Production Using ZnO Modified Starfish-Based Catalysts" and includes comprehensive experimental data and analysis for evaluating the structural, chemical, and catalytic performance of the synthesized catalysts. The dataset is organized as follows:

Figure 1: XRD Patterns

• Displays the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the raw starfish sample, CM700 (calcined at 700 °C), CM900 (calcined at 900 °C), and CMZ (zinc-doped catalyst).
• The patterns highlight the phase transformation of magnesium calcium carbonate (MgCaCO₃) in the raw starfish into calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) in CM900.
• Additional peaks in the CMZ pattern confirm successful incorporation of zinc in the form of ZnO.

Figure 2: XPS Spectra for CM900

• XPS spectra of CM900 and CMZ, showing the chemical states of calcium (Ca 2p), magnesium (Mg 1s), and oxygen (O 1s).

Figure 3: XPS Spectra for CMZ

• Highlights the incorporation of zinc into the catalyst via Zn 2p peaks.
• The chemical environment of Ca, Mg, and O remains consistent, with changes reflecting zinc doping effects.

Figure 4: SEM Images

• Provides comparative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of CM900 and CMZ catalysts.
• Illustrates morphological changes after zinc doping, including increased surface roughness and formation of granular structures that enhance catalytic activity.

Figure 5: Biodiesel Yield via HPLC

• Biodiesel production results obtained through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
• Demonstrates the catalytic efficiency of CMZ compared to CM900 over varying reaction times. CMZ achieves a maximum biodiesel yield of 94.7% in 10 hours, significantly outperforming CM900 (56.4%).

Figure S1: XPS Spectra of CM900 and CMZ

• Provides the overall XPS spectra for the synthesized catalysts, CM900 and CMZ.
• Displays the characteristic peaks for calcium (Ca 2p), magnesium (Mg 1s), and oxygen (O 1s) in both catalysts.
• Additionally, the spectra for CMZ include zinc (Zn 2p) peaks, confirming successful zinc doping and modifications to the catalyst's surface chemistry.

Figure S2: HPLC Data for CMZ at Different Transesterification Times

• Presents HPLC chromatograms for biodiesel production using the CMZ catalyst at varying reaction times (4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours).
• The data demonstrate a progressive increase in ester peak intensity with reaction time, indicating the continuous conversion of grapeseed oil into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs).

Figure S3: HPLC Chromatogram for Biodiesel Production at 10 Hours

• Shows the HPLC chromatogram for biodiesel production using the CMZ catalyst after 10 hours of reaction.
• The chromatogram highlights the ester peaks, confirming the efficient production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) under optimized reaction conditions.

Figure S4: HPLC Data for CMZ (12-hour Transesterification)

• HPLC chromatogram for biodiesel production after 12 hours of reaction using CMZ.
• Confirms that extending the reaction time beyond 10 hours results in negligible improvement, with a maximum biodiesel yield of 95.3%.

This dataset provides critical experimental evidence for the improved catalytic performance of ZnO-doped starfish-derived catalysts in biodiesel production, showcasing enhanced surface properties, increased basicity, and superior biodiesel yields. It is intended to encourage further research in sustainable catalyst development.