Figures for Meca et al., "Acculturative orientations among Hispanic/Latinx caregivers in the ABCD Study"
Figure 1. Acculturative Orientation Profiles. Berry’s model (Berry, 1997; Berry et al., 1986) proposes four distinct acculturative orientations. Among Hispanic/Latinx immigrants in the US, these profiles include: (1) bicultural (i.e., acquires US culture and retains the heritage culture), (2) assimilated (i.e., acquires US culture and discards the heritage culture), (3) separated (i.e., rejects US culture and retains the heritage culture), and (4) detached (i.e., rejects US culture and discards the heritage culture).
Figure 2. Heritage and US Cultural Orientations Across Profiles. LPA revealed two acculturative orientation profiles among Hispanic/Latinx caregivers in the ABCD Study. Cultural orientation subscale scores were normalized across participants and the resulting z-scored values are shown in: (A) a joint kernel density estimate plot (Waskom, 2021) and (B) a raincloud plot (Allen et al., 2021). In both visualizations, the “Bicultural” profile (n=747) demonstrated high levels of both heritage and US cultural orientation (purple), while the “Detached” profile (n=234) exhibited very low levels of both heritage and US cultural orientation (green).
Figure S1. Meta-Analytic Seeds for vmPFC, Insula, TPJ. (A) The dorsoanterior cluster of the central ventromedial frontal lobe (purple) (Chase et al., 2020) was selected as the vmPFC ROI, while the left (blue) and right (green) dorsoanterior insula clusters (Chang et al., 2013) were selected as the left and right insula ROIs. (B) The left TPJ ROI (pink) was selected from a meta-analysis of self-related processing (Pintos Lobo et al., 2022), while the right posterior TPJ region (cyan) was selected from a meta-analysis of the right TPJ (Bzdok et al., 2013b).
Figure S2. Expanded Meta-Analytic Corticolimbic Regions of Interest. Existing meta-analytic parcellations for regions of interest were used. Amygdala ROIs (Panel A; 3 seeds per hemisphere) were taken from Bzdok et al. and included the (1-green) centromedial nuclei group, (2-cyan) superficial nuclei group, and (3-blue) laterobasal nuclei group. Hippocampal ROIs (Panel B, 3 seeds per hemisphere) were taken from Plachti et al. and included the (1-red) anterior, (2-orange) intermediate, and (3-yellow) posterior clusters. Insula ROIs (Panel C, 3 seeds per hemisphere) were taken from Chang et al. and included the (1-pink) dorsoanterior, (2-light orchid) ventroanterior, and (3-dark magenta) posterior clusters. Striatum ROIs (Panel D, 6 seeds per hemisphere) were taken from Liu et al. and included the (1-yellow) caudal (dorsal part), (2-blue) caudal (ventral part), (3-red) dorsal, (4-purple) dorsolateral, (5-green) rostral, and (6-orange) ventral clusters. ROIs are available from the ANIMA database (https://anima.fz-juelich.de).
Figure S3. Amygdala Connectivity Results. Resting state functional connectivity analyses were conducted for left and right amygdala sub-regions: Cluster 1 (centromedial nuclei group), Cluster 2 (superficial nuclei group), and Cluster 3 (laterobasal nuclei group) (ROIs shown in Fig. S2A). Left Images: Unthresholded connectivity maps for the single-group average (i.e., one-sample t-test). Middle Images: Thresholded connectivity maps for the single-group average (i.e., one-sample t-test) (pFWE-corrected < 0.05, pvoxelwise = 0.0001). Right Images: Thresholded connectivity maps for the two-group difference for youth with bicultural vs. detached caregivers (i.e., two-sample t-test) (pvoxelwise < 0.05).
Figure S4. Hippocampus Connectivity Results. Resting state functional connectivity analyses were conducted for left and right hippocampus sub-regions: Cluster 1 (anterior), Cluster 2 (intermediate), and Cluster 3 (posterior) (ROIs shown in Fig. S2B). Left Images: Unthresholded connectivity maps for the single-group average (i.e., one-sample t-test). Middle Images: Thresholded connectivity maps for the single-group average (i.e., one-sample t-test) (pFWE-corrected < 0.05, pvoxelwise = 0.0001). Right Images: Thresholded connectivity maps for the two-group difference for youth with bicultural vs. detached caregivers (i.e., two-sample t-test) (pvoxelwise < 0.05).
Figure S5. Insula Connectivity Results. Resting state functional connectivity analyses were conducted for left and right insula sub-regions: Dorsoanterior, Ventroanterior, and Posterior (ROIs shown in Fig. S2C). Left Images: Unthresholded connectivity maps for the single-group average (i.e., one-sample t-test). Middle Images: Thresholded connectivity maps for the single-group average (i.e., one-sample t-test) (pFWE-corrected < 0.05, pvoxelwise = 0.0001). Right Images: Thresholded connectivity maps for the two-group difference for youth with bicultural vs. detached caregivers (i.e., two-sample t-test) (pvoxelwise < 0.05).
Figure S6. Striatum Connectivity Results. Resting state functional connectivity analyses were conducted for left and right striatum sub-regions: Caudal (Dorsal Part), Caudal (Ventral Part), Dorsal, Dorsolateral, Rostral, and Ventral (ROIs shown in Fig. S2D). Left Images: Unthresholded connectivity maps for the single-group average (i.e., one-sample t-test). Middle Images: Thresholded connectivity maps for the single-group average (i.e., one-sample t-test) (pFWE-corrected < 0.05, pvoxelwise = 0.0001). Right Images: Thresholded connectivity maps for the two-group difference for youth with bicultural vs. detached caregivers (i.e., two-sample t-test) (pvoxelwise < 0.05).
