Effect of GE on G₂/M-phase associated cell-cycle regulators and signaling pathways in EJ cells.

(A) Changes in cell cycle regulators by treatment of different concentrations of GE. Immunoblots were performed using specific antibodies indicated. The bar graphs were presented as a fold ratio to the control. (B, C) Effect of GE on MAPK (ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38) and AKT signaling. Phosphorylation levels of each molecule were assessed by immunoblots. Bar graphs were presented as fold changes compared to the control. (D) EJ cells were pre-incubated with U0126 (0.5 μM), SB203580 (10 μM), SP600125 (10 μM), and LY 294002 (10 μM) for 40 min prior to treatment with GE (800 μg/ml). The ratio of phosphorylated to non-phosphorylated form was measured and presented as fold changes compared to the control. Results in bar graphs are represented as mean ± SE from three different triplicate experiments. *P<0.05 compared with the control.