Soil characteristics (means ± SE, n = 4) in the top 0.1 m depth for different land-use types within each soil landscape in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia.

¹Within row means followed by different lower case letters indicate significant differences between land-use types within a soil landscape (LME model with Fisher’s LSD test at P ≤ 0.05 and marginally significant at ^†P ≤ 0.09).

²Within column means followed by different upper case letters indicate significant differences between soil landscapes within a reference land use (LME model with Fisher’s LSD test at P ≤ 0.05 and marginally significant at ^†P ≤ 0.09).

³Depth-weighted average for intervals of 0–0.1 m, 0.1–0.3 m and 0.3–0.5 m with n = 3 replicate plots per land use.

⁴Element stocks expressed in g m^-2 were calculated as: concentrations (g kg^-1) * average bulk density of the reference land uses in each soil landscape (g cm^-3) * depth (cm) * 10000 cm² m^-2 ÷ 1000 g kg^-1. The average bulk density of the reference land uses is normally used in order to compare the same soil mass and avoid the interference of bulk density changes that often result from land-use changes due to management practices that compact or loosen the soil [42].

Soil characteristics (means ± SE, n = 4) in the top 0.1 m depth for different land-use types within each soil landscape in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia.