Comparative effectiveness of tobacco control and pharmacological interventions in reducing myocardial infarction and stroke deaths, 2013–2022.

“All meds” assumes that the effects of aspirin, antihypertensive drugs, and statins are additive. “All TC” refers to a combination of smoke-free legislation, brief cessation advice by clinicians, a mass media campaign, a ban on advertising, and a 300% tax rate increase on both bidis and cigarettes. “No additive effects” means that only the impact of the most effective tobacco control intervention produces the resulting effectiveness of the tobacco control package. “Cumulative effects” assumes that a combined package of tobacco control interventions would have an impact equal to 1−([1−risk reduction from intervention A]×[1−risk reduction from intervention B], etc.). “25% synergy” assumes that when the interventions are combined, the impact of each individual intervention is amplified by 25%.

MI, myocardial infarction; TC, tobacco control.