Age contrasts excluded from the meta-analysis.

Notes. Means limited by severe ceiling effects are printed in bold; ps  =  population based study (e.g., older adults disproportionately suffering from Alzheimer's disease and/or dementia); id  =  items differ across individuals; etn  =  experimental task conducted in naturalistic settings (i.e., no control over what people were actually doing, for example, whether they used external reminders); etw  =  experimental task completed online (i.e., no control over who participated and what they were actually doing, for example whether they used external reminders);

*identifies independent age contrasts (see Methods).