WDU100516 EXCEL (1).xlsx

the paper highlights

✅ Poor welfare conditions were observed among working equines, including donkeys, horses, and mules, due to inadequate management practices.

✅ Common welfare concerns included excessive workload, malnutrition, dehydration, lameness, wounds, and poor housing conditions.

✅ Harsh handling and traditional harnessing methods contributed to physical injuries, reducing work efficiency and longevity.

✅ Major risk factors affecting equine welfare were overloading, poor diet, lack of veterinary care, and owners’ limited awareness of proper management.