The research utilizes NDWI data derived from satellite imagery for extracting river dynamics.

<p dir="ltr">To detect river meandering and river dynamics, the Landsat imagery was used, with the extraction of rivers from other phenomena utilizing indices such as NDWI. This is particularly the case for the Aras River, which forms the international border between Iran and its neighbors, Azerbaijan and Armenia, and provides hydropower and water supply in this arid region. We applied the Normalized Difference Water Index to Landsat 5-TM and Landsat 8-OLI imagery from 1987 to 2019 to document temporal shifts in the Aras River. </p>