Sex-specific effects of hormones on endothelial cells and fibroblasts

Sex hormone exposure in 2D and 3D assays results in increased bioenergetics and proliferation in 2D and increased vasculogenesis in 3D. HLF, HOF, HUVEC, and HRMVEC were studied in 2D for TMRM amd Ki67 positivity as well as PCR analysis for genes related to bioenergetics and heat shock protein expression. In 3D, HLF and HUVEC self-generated vascular networks showed sensitivity to hormones as shown via vascular network analysis.