This systematic literature review delves into the non-payment of electricity, highlighting that it is a symptom and outcome of deep systematic and structural factors. It shows that it is caused by the demand-side and the supply-side factors, which are related. The study has a conceptual contribution linking these relationships, and integrating theoretical explanations to make sense of the complex behaviours. This study reveals that interventions must account for different consumers' willingness and ability to pay. Policymakers must balance between energy justice, regulatory enforcement, building community trust, and organisational development.