Primary Sources for the Definition of Misinformation and Disinformation

This supplementary material contains the primary sources used to define "misinformation" and "disinformation" in the study. The dataset compiles definitions and conceptual frameworks from key European stakeholders, including regulators, social media platforms, fact-checkers, and academic sources. Each entry identifies the source type (e.g., European regulator, platform, fact-checker, research) and the corresponding official document or policy reference where the definition originates.

The dataset serves as the foundation for the analysis presented in Table 2 and Table 3 of the manuscript, highlighting the diversity of definitions and the criteria used to characterize misinformation and disinformation. The structured approach allows for a comparative assessment of definitions based on content quality, intent, underlying risks, and creation and dissemination techniques. It facilitates the discussion on the lack of consensus and its implications for policy-making, regulation, and counter-strategy development.