This work was supported by the Joint Research Project of Three-River Headwaters National Park, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the People’s Government of Qinghai Province (LHZX-2020-11), the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Exploration (Grant 2019QZKK0605), IWHR Research & Development Support Program (HY110145B0012021), the project of State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science (SKLCS-ZZ-2022), and Science and technology Project of Tibet Autonomous Region (XZ202101ZD0009G).