Details of mutations predicted in the phage-resistant E. coli C strains isolated from the fluctuation test.

^$DUP indicates a duplication event. ^#“2,611,543, +A”: indicates an insertion of “A” after nucleotide 2,611,543. **“2,611,295–2,611,303, INS (2,783,815–2,784,945 INV)”: indicates positions 2,783,815–2,784,945 were inserted (inverted) at position 2,611,303. The inserted nucleotides are flanked by 2,611,295–2,611,303 on both sides (i.e., 2,611,295–2,611,303 are duplicated). ^§E187fs_Ter#192 indicates a frameshift starting at E187, with a stop codon (Ter) generated at codon #192. F366mod_Ter#383 indicates protein sequence modified, e.g., due to a large insertion/duplication starting from F366, and (premature) stop codon (Ter) generated at codon #383. Difference between frameshift (fs) and modification (mod) is whether the original sequence of the gene is used as coding region with only a frameshift, or the new inserted sequence is used until the stop codon. ^||Predicted LPS phenotypes for the mutants and the mutations in their genome. *Where multiple LPS genes carry mutations, the star indicates the gene predicted to cause the most dramatic LPS phenotype change. ^Column indicates whether the mutated gene is related to LPS biosynthesis, assembly, or regulation. †Even though the amino acid is unchanged, the codon affected is the start codon ATG, hence the initiation of translation is expected to be inhibited. See Fig S4 in S2 Text for a summary of mutational classes.

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