This dataset contains the original survey data collected from 424 university students across various higher education institutions in China. The data were used in the study titled “Linking Entrepreneurship Education to Entrepreneurial Performance: The Mediating Roles of Entrepreneurial Intention and Capability under Environmental Dynamics.” Variables include entrepreneurship education (EE), entrepreneurial intention (EI), entrepreneurial capability (EC), entrepreneurial performance (EP), and environmental dynamics (ED). The dataset supports the statistical analysis and structural equation modeling presented in the manuscript.