Data accompanying the research for Hybrid Governance Model

The questionnaire was sent to professionals who had participated in projects with a hierarchical structure, including the owner, general contractor, and subcontractor. To obtain a representative sample, the respondents were asked to have had more than 5 years of work experience. The entire questionnaire process lasted 18 months. The questionnaire was distributed in paper and electronic form. Five hundred questionnaires of each type were sent (i.e., the total number of questionnaires was 1,000). After removing invalid responses, 451 valid questionnaires were left, representing an effective response rate of 45.1%. Data were collected from construction projects with multi-layered management structures from Beijing, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and other regions in China, involving subways, highways, bridges, and tunnels.