ARTD1 regulates cyclin E expression and consequently cell-cycle re-entry and G₁/S progression in T24 bladder carcinoma cells

ADP-ribosylation is involved in a variety of biological processes, many of which are chromatin-dependent and linked to important functions during the cell cycle. However, any study on ADP-ribosylation and the cell cycle faces the problem that synchronization with chemical agents or by serum starvation and subsequent growth factor addition already activates ADP-ribosylation by itself. Here, we investigated the functional contribution of ARTD1 in cell cycle re-entry and G₁/S cell cycle progression using T24 urinary bladder carcinoma cells, which synchronously re-enter the cell cycle after splitting without any additional stimuli. In synchronized cells, ARTD1 knockdown, but not inhibition of its enzymatic activity, caused specific down-regulation of cyclin E during cell cycle re-entry and G₁/S progression through alterations of the chromatin composition and histone acetylation, but not of other E2F-1 target genes. Although Cdk2 formed a functional complex with the residual cyclin E, p27^Kip1 protein levels increased in G₁ upon ARTD1 knockdown most likely due to inappropriate cyclin E-Cdk2-induced phosphorylation-dependent degradation, leading to decelerated G₁/S progression. These results provide evidence that ARTD1 regulates cell cycle re-entry and G₁/S progression via cyclin E expression and p27^Kip1 stability independently of its enzymatic activity, uncovering a novel cell cycle regulatory mechanism.