Giardia directly inhibits the growth of EPEC.

G. muris trophozoites were co-incubated for 3h in Lysogeny broth (LB) media. Bacterial colonies were counted after plating and overnight incubation. (A) G. muris significantly reduces the growth of C. rodentium. (B) G. duodenalis significantly inhibits the growth of EPEC. All data are representative of n = 5–10/group and represented as mean±SEM. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001– compared to control group (CTR); # p<0.05, ### p<0.001 versus the corresponding group, indicated by line; n.d. means not detected, that is equivalent to 0; G.d. means G. duodenalis.