Tripelennamine sensitizes autophagy-deficient yeast mutants.

(A) Heatmap and dendrogram depicting hierarchical clustering of homozygous deletion pool data from three independent experiments. Quantile normalized and log2-transformed microarray fluorescence signals were analyzed using the Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) software (see Methods) and identified 49 genes (indicated on the right-hand side) that were significantly depleted in the presence of tripelennamine (TA) compared to a “no drug” control. Darker shades of red indicate higher fluorescence signals and therefore a higher abundance of that strain in the pool (see legend). (B) Growth of the hoΔ/HO (control) and neo1Δ/NEO1 heterozygous deletion strains (see legend) were determined in the presence of various concentrations of (TA) (indicated on the x-axis). Growth rates relative to the “no drug” control (calculated as a ratio of AvgG, see Methods) were determined for each concentration and are plotted on the y-axis. (C) Sporulation efficiency of the hoΔ/HO control strain (black curve) and the neo1Δ/NEO1 heterozygous deletion strain (red curve) sporulated in the presence or absence of TA is indicated as percent spores on the y-axis. Both strains were incubated in sporulation media for 48 hours at various concentrations of TA (indicated on the x-axis) and percentage of spores was determined by microscopy. A total of 100 cells were counted for every condition.