Retraction and correction likelihood, by team and individual characteristics.

Conditional logistic regression estimates of the association between author or team characteristics and likelihood to publish a paper that was later retracted or corrected. Effects are estimated by comparison with matched-control papers. Corrections and retractions were analysed separately using identical univariable analyses, testing each parameter in turn. The gender was analysed in a multivariable model, in which “male” was the reference category. All predictors except gender were log-transformed. Parameters are grouped by the general risk factor of which they are proxies. For further details, see Table 1 and Methods.