Dynamic force spectroscopy.

(A) Rupture force distributions obtained at different retraction speeds for the homotypic E1-5 bond rupture. (B) Rupture force F_f as a function of loading rate for homotypic E1-5 (green symbols) or heteromeric E1-2/E1-5 bond rupture (orange symbols). The different symbols represent the maxima identified in the multimodal distribution of rupture force obtained for a given loading rate. For the homotypic E1-5 bond we determined x_u  =  1.1 nm and k_off  =  1.2 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹ (green circles); x_u  =  2.3 nm and k_off  =  1.4 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ (green triangles). For the heteromeric E1-5/E1-2 bond we determined x_u  =  4.5 nm and k_off  =  5.9 × 10⁻⁷ s⁻¹ (yellow triangles). The violet stars indicate data taken from [41].