Aboveground biomass (g m⁻²) for ‘Oak’ and ‘Pine’ functional groups over the course of the 100-year simulations.

Plots a and b are comparisons of these groups under high emissions (A2) climate; Dotted lines represent scenarios with gypsy moth defoliation present. Ribbons surrounding each line are standard errors, based on five model replicates. Plots c and d show landscape probability of establishment for pine and oak functional groups under high emissions climate.